Microplastics, Nanoplastics & The Silent Threat Within: BPA and Plastic Additives

Before we delve in, let’s start by comparing and explaining the differences between normal plastics, microplastics, nanoplastics as well as plastic additives:

Plastics: Made up of synthetic polymers(large molecules of repeating units) deriving from crude oil byproducts, combined with chemicals to create the everyday plastic materials we know. Since plastics are not natural, they don’t decompose like organic materials. Instead, they break down into smaller fragments known as microplastics and nanoplastics.

Microplastics: Typically described as tiny plastic particles smaller than 5mm and can be divided in to primary and secondary.

• Primary microplastics were created small, typically found in microbeads from cosmetics, toothpaste or synthetic fibres from clothing.
• Secondary microplastics are formed when larger plastic items are broken down via UV light, heat, wave action, oxidation, hydrolysis or microbial activity.

Nanoplastics: Known as incredibly small plastic particles, ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nanometres (nm), making them roughly 5 million times smaller than microplastics. Due to their minuscule size, nanoplastics were difficult to detect and largely went unnoticed until recent technological advancements, such as SRS microscopy, that can rapidly detect and analyse nanoplastics as well as their chemical composition. Their size has been shown to penetrate our biological barriers easier than microplastics.

Plastic Additives: These are the chemicals added to plastic during the manufacturing process. They are used to give plastics desirable properties such as durability, flexibility, flame resistance and much more. A common one you may have heard of is BPA (Bisphenol A) as mentioned in the intro, this may be the most worrying aspect of the plastic problem, as studies have shown that one piece of plastic can contain up to 8000 different chemicals! Click here for our full dive in to plastic additives

Take note

The plastic problem can seem overwhelming, but our goal is to simplify it and provide you with a clear understanding. As you delve deeper into this article, the complexities of plastic pollution will gradually unravel. Stick with us, and by the end, you’ll have a comprehensive grasp of the complexities as well as the solutions surrounding plastic pollution

We absorb Nano-Microplastics in three ways:  ingestion, inhalation and in some cases trans dermally, via the skin.

As mentioned before, they are ubiquitous and the recent discovery of NMP’s in placental tissue is particularly troubling, as it shows that once absorbed, these tiny toxins THEY can travel everywhere with speed, seeing as though the placenta develops in a matter of months, they can penetrate our cellular barriers ,much faster than we originally thought.

What happens once Nano-Microplastics are absorbed?

In an ideal world our immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, recognize NMP’s as foreign invaders. These cells then attempt to engulf and excrete the particles through a process called phagocytosis. As for inhaled NMP’s, the body attempts to trap them through our mucus blanket and the cilia in our airways work to expel them, either through excretion or by being swallowed. Despite these defence mechanisms, NMPs have been found in every major organ, demonstrating their ability to bypass our natural defences.

Why Aren’t Nano-Microplastics Fully Expelled from the Human Body?

The truth is, our body’s defence mechanisms are not entirely effective at expelling Nano-Microplastics (NMPs). Several factors contribute to this inefficiency such as:

Size Matters!: Factors like particle size, shape, and composition influence how well our bodies can identify these tiny toxins.

• Larger Microplastics: They are more easily recognized and expelled. However an excess accumulation may trigger chronic inflammation, tears and blockages if these particles persist due to repeated accumulation.
• Smaller Nanoplastics: Being extremely small (less than 1 micron), are more likely to evade detection by the immune system and bypass the bodies filtration systems. They can slip through the gaps between cells and enter tissues and organs more readily than larger particles. Hence why they are more likely to cause harm on a cellular level. Refer to section 3 for more details
• Particle Shape: Especially sharp or irregular shaped NMP’s, can be harder to excrete and can be harder to excrete and increase their potential to damage tissues and organs as they move through the body.

Other Factors Include:

• Plastic Type and Additives: Certain plastics contain harmful additives, such as BPA and Phthalates, and even heavy metals that can leach out and pose additional health risks. These chemicals are harder for our bodies to recognize and eliminate due to their hormone-mimicking structures.
• Chemical Concerns, NMPs can absorb toxins from the environment, exacerbating their harmful effects and complicating the body’s ability to neutralize and excrete these substances. Additionally, some NMPs may be coated with proteins or other biological molecules, forming a “corona” that masks their synthetic nature and hinders immune recognition. We cover this in detail in section 3
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How Long Do Nano- Microplastics Stay in our System?

While studies indicate that NMPs have been found in every corner of our body, the exact duration of their persistence remains unclear, influenced by factors such as size, shape, and individual variability.

Once absorbed, these tiny particles can swiftly infiltrate the bloodstream and can be deposited anywhere, accumulating disproportionally in vital organs, such as the gut, liver, lungs, brain, and reproductive organs. This accumulation can result in NMP’s staying in us for months and even years, depending on the properties of the plastics and individual variability. We will do the best to give you a clear understanding in this section

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What individual  factors impact how our bodies ability to identify and excrete NMP’s?

• Individual Health: Factors such as age, overall health, and immune function can influence the body’s ability to combat microplastics. Underlying health conditions, especially those involving chronic inflammation, could potentially affect macrophage function due to heavy workload. Furthermore some individuals may also have genetic predispositions that influence macrophage activity, as well as weaker immune systems.
• Repeated accumulation: continuous repeated exposure can lead to the accumulation of microplastics in the body, causing potential health risks, including inflammation and disruption of cellular functions

Let’s Conclude

Despite our body’s natural defense mechanisms, NMPs can infiltrate and persist in our organs, driven by their small size, shape, and the harmful toxins they often carry. If you are purely interested in how to minimise exposure and detox from these toxins, skip to sections 8 and 9.

A better question would be, where aren’t microplastics found in our daily lives?

As highlighted in the introduction, microplastics are virtually everywhere, infiltrating even the most unexpected corners of our environment. Despite their ubiquitous presence, not all sources of microplastics exposure are equal and there are places where these NMP’s stick out much more than others.

What are the major sources of NMP’s?

Ingested Microplastics

When it comes to ingestion, we consume the bulk of NMP’s through our water and food, as you may have guessed as well as cooking utensils. But what are the top culprits?

Lets start with water

Top Water Sources of NMP’s

• Bottled Water: Alarmingly high levels of plastic particles have been detected in bottled water. A Columbia University study revealed that a single litre of bottled water contains an average of 240,000 plastic particles!, with 90% being nanoplastics. The issue doesn’t stop there, another study found that an average of 553 larger microplastics are generated per litre each time a bottle is opened or closed, due to friction from the cap. This is particularly concerning because of the harmful additives commonly found in plastic bottle caps, which can leach into the water.
• Tap Water: Though studies show considerably lower levels than bottled water, they are still prevalent and are small enough to infiltrate common household filters, such as Brita filters. Click here for our water solution.

Take note

We would still recommend drinking bottled water over unfiltered tap water for the most part. For our best tap water filtering option press here.

Top Food Sources of NMP’s

The difference in the NMP content in food is quite surprising.

• Processed food: There’s a clear correlation between the level of food processing and its NMP content. Ultra-processed foods, in particular, are highly susceptible to contamination due to extensive exposure to plastics during production. The more a food is processed, the higher its likelihood of containing microplastics.
• Fast Food: Multiple studies have detected significantly higher concentrations of microplastics in fast food items compared to other food categories. This is due to the processing and cooking methods well as the single use plastic materials associated with fast food. A study by Consumer Reports found that phthalates, a harmful plastic additive, were present in nearly every fast food product tested with only one out of 100 samples being free from these toxic chemicals. Notably, even popular items marketed as “heart healthy,” like Cheerios, contained nearly 11,000 nanograms of phthalates per serving.
• Shellfish and Bottom Feeders: Commonly referred to as the ‘garbage of the oceans’. Organisms such as shrimps, mussels, oysters, clams etc tend to be located on sea and ocean floors, where microplastics accumulate in high concentrations. As a result, they inadvertently consume significant amounts of these particles, making them a major source of NMPs in our diet.
• White Rice: A 2021 study published in the Journal of Hazardous Materials showed that white rice can contain 3.4 mg of plastic per 100 gram of rice. The study, conducted by the University of Queensland, further showed that pre-cooked rice had even more levels of microplastics averaging 13 mg per serving. This suggests potential contamination during processing. However it’s important to note that the study found that washing rice before cooking can reduce microplastic contamination by 20-40%.
• Table Salt: Among various salts, table salt has been found to contain the highest levels of NMPs, potentially due to the processing methods involved.
• Inorganic Fruits Vegetables: Fruits grown with the use of sewage sludge, a common agricultural practice, can absorb NMPs from the soil.

Take note

• To minimize this risk, rinse fruits and veg in sodium bicarbonate or opt for organically grown produce from trusted sources.

Top Cooking Sources of NMP’s

Plastic Cutting Boards: Every time you chop or slice on a plastic cutting board, tiny plastic particles are released, which can easily mix with your food. Over time, these boards can develop deep grooves, increasing the likelihood of microplastic contamination.

Non-Stick Pans: Non-stick pans, particularly those coated with Teflon, have been under scrutiny due to their potential to leach harmful substances like PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances). PFAS are linked to various health issues, including hormone disruption and cancer. As the coating wears down over time, these chemicals, along with NMPs, can be released into your food.

Baking Sheets: Many baking sheets are coated with non-stick materials that can degrade at high temperatures, releasing NMPs and other chemicals. This is especially concerning for those who frequently bake at high temperatures, as the breakdown of these materials accelerates.

Discover the Top cooking, food and water replacements and solutions in Section 8.

Inhaled Microplastics

Inhalation of NMP’s is an often-overlooked but significant source of contamination that can catch many people off guard. This hidden threat is pervasive in both indoor and outdoor environments. Let’s break the 2 greatest sources of inhaled NMP’s:

Specific sources

Indoor Inhalation: Did you know that the tiny bits of dust floating around your house could very likely be minuscule pieces of plastic? Homes with high levels of synthetic materials, such as synthetic clothing, upholstery, carpets, cleaning utensils, electronics etc are all hotspots for airborne microplastics as they slowly breakdown and release these toxins, further studies show that machine washing synthetic clothes can greatly accelerate this process. They can then settle on surfaces and be inhaled or even on food and cooking utensils leading to inadvertent ingestion.

Urban Environments: Urban areas with heavy pollution levels are hotspots for airborne microplastics. There are multitude of factors that contribute to this including:

• Tire Degradation: The friction created from driving and braking results in the wear and tear of tires causing these tiny particles be scraped of, becoming airborne and contributing microplastic pollution particularly in heavily trafficked urban areas.
• Industrial Emissions: Factories and industrial plants are key contributors to airborne microplastics. The proximity of residential areas to these industrial zones have been shown to have a greater amount of airborne NMP’s present.
• Construction Activities: The demolition and renovation of buildings can release plastic particles from insulation, paints, and other building materials into the air.

as well as the dust generated from cutting, drilling, and grinding materials that contain plastics, such as vinyl flooring, plastic pipes, and composite materials, can contribute to airborne NMPs.

• Recycling Plants: During the recycling process, especially when plastics are shredded or melted, NMPs can be released into the environment. Inefficient filtration systems at recycling facilities may fail to capture these particles.
• Street Litter: Discarded plastics on streets and in public spaces can degrade and release microplastics into the environment, especially when subjected to sunlight and weathering.
• Artificial Turf: Urban parks and sports fields often use synthetic turf made from plastic materials such as rubber. The constant wear and tear can release microplastics into the air and surrounding environment.

Transdermal Microplastics

While the evidence is still emerging, studies indicate that microplastics can enter the skin transdermally through a variety of different sources such as:

• Personal Care Products: Products like exfoliants, lotions, and sunscreens often contain microplastics that can penetrate the skin’s outer layer. Additionally, wearing synthetic clothing and exposure to polluted water can facilitate microplastic absorption through the skin. These particles can disrupt skin barrier function and potentially cause irritation and inflammation.
• Contaminated Water: Exposure to contaminated water can lead to microplastic absorption through the skin. This made more apparent when showering or bathing in hot contaminated water, as the heat can open your pores making it easier for NMP’s to penetrate through.
• Synthetic Materials: Polyester clothing, a common fabric choice, are known to shed during washing, and as a result can potentially be absorbed by our skin.
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Take note

When it comes to transdermal exposure to NMP’s, the more significant concern comes from the chemical additives used in plastics. Additives commonly used in care products and clothing, such as parabens, phthalates, and flame retardants are particularly problematic because their chemical structure closely mimics our natural hormones, making them more easily absorbed through the skin. This absorption can lead to a range of alarming health issues, including hormone disruption, fertility problems, and an increased risk of certain cancers. Check out our plastic additives article for more detail

They are everywhere

As you continue through this article, you’ll learn that Nano-Microplastic exposure is inevitable for everyone, but there are effective ways to significantly minimize your exposure and support your body’s natural detoxification processes. 

Microplastics pose a triple threat!

The dangers of microplastics extend far beyond what meets the eye. As mentioned in the intro, the harm from microplastics does not just come via  the plastic particles themselves but also from the plastic additives and heavy metals hardwired into the NMP’s themselves through the manufacturing process, added to give the plastic special properties like increased durability, colour and more. If you want a full dive in to plastic additives click here

So what’s the third threat associated with NMP’s?

Microplastics absorb toxins from the environment

Plastics, being a byproduct of oil, are hydrophobic. This means as they travel through the environment they repel water and absorb a cocktail chemicals at a rate much higher than their surroundings. Research done by Lisa Zimmerman at the University of Frankfurt highlights this alarming ability of microplastics to adsorb and carry a wide range of contaminants.

It doesn’t end there!

This can result in synergistic effects between the NMP’s and these toxins, resulting in an enhanced toxicity worse than their individual harm.

What causes this toxic synergy?

• The Carrier Effect NMP’s are known to bypass our bodies natural defences(we cover this in detail in the following section), resulting in these contaminated particles potentially carrying these toxins in to our bodies. “. By facilitating the transport and accumulation of these toxins, it makes it harder for our body to identify them. Leading to heightened toxicity and their accumulation in organs and tissue and potentially an uneven distribution of these toxins around the body.
• Chemical Interactions: When certain pollutants bind to NMPs, their chemical properties can change. These interactions create new compounds or alter the stability and reactivity of the pollutants and heavy metals, making them more toxic to the body. As both microplastics, and these pollutants can induce oxidative stress, their combination further amplifies this leading to a compound effect resulting in an exaggerated immune response, and therefore increased

inflammation and cellular damage.

What harmful toxins are known bind to Microplastics?

• Heavy metals: Not only can these harmful substances be embedded in many NMPs during manufacturing, but they can also be absorbed from the environment. A study published in “Environmental Science & Technology” demonstrated that microplastics can enhance the toxic effects of heavy metals like cadmium in marine organisms. This combination significantly increases the overall toxicity, leading to severe environmental and health impacts .
• Industrial Chemicals: This covers a wide range of pollutants including: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs): Chemicals like PCBs, PBDEs, and PAHs are known reproductive toxicants and carcinogens. These endocrine-disrupting substances readily bind to microplastics. Plastic additives: such as BPA, Phthalates, PFAS (forever chemicals) and PBDE (flame retardants) are lipophilic and have an ideal structure for plastic absorption (click here for more). Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids, have also shown evidence of bonding.
• Toxic Gases: NMP’s can also absorb toxic gases, including nitrogen compounds like ammonia and nitrogen oxides. This absorption can lead to the formation of amine-modified NMPs, where the nitrogen interacts with the particles, potentially altering their properties and enhancing their ability to induce cellular damage and even cell death (apoptosis) by disrupting cellular membranes, triggering oxidative stress, and interacting with scavenger receptors and cytokine production.
• Pesticides: Persistent in the environment, pesticides such as Glyphosate and DDT are known endocrine disruptors can effortlessly hitch a ride on microplastic particles.
• Bacteria and pathogens: They produce enzymes that target and modify host cell components. NMP’s serve that role perfectly and can serve as transport vehicles for harmful microorganisms.
• Unknown Chemicals: The vast number of chemicals used in and absorbed by plastics makes it incredibly difficult to pinpoint the exact sources of harm. This “chemical cocktail” in plastics, combined with a lack of comprehensive research, creates significant challenges in identifying the specific health and environmental risks associated with plastic exposure. See below for further details.

The hidden dangers don’t end there!

One of the most pressing concerns with the plastic problem is the overwhelming number of chemicals involved. Globally, an estimated 350,000 chemicals are in use, but according to the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS), fewer than half have been thoroughly studied. This number continues to grow rapidly, with inadequate regulation in place to monitor or assess the potential health and environmental risks.

How does this enhance the harm of plastics?

This lack of regulation and research is particularly alarming when it comes to plastics, with studies suggesting that that some plastics can harbour up to 8,000 different chemicals, many of which remain unknown (Groh et al., Environmental Science & Technology) This creates a complex “chemical soup,” as each piece of plastic can contain thousands of additives and contaminants, with  up to 82% of chemicals found in plastic samples couldn’t be identified using current databases (Groh et al., Science).

The recycling process can further exacerbate this problem by concentrating harmful substances, making recycled plastics more hazardous, as confirmed by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).

What makes harmful toxins bind to plastics in the environment?

As mentioned their hydrophobic, non-polar, nature acts as a magnet for other lipophilic(oil like) substances in the environment, such as most pollutants, who embody these unique characteristics. Studies show this is only one of many factors contributing to this chemical cocktail. Other reasons include:

• Electrostatic attraction: NMP’s have an affinity for electrophilic species when NMP’s are exposed to environmental conditions such as sunlight (photodegradation)water (hydrolysis) or friction, they can develop a charge on their surface which can attract oppositely charged ions .Studies show that particularly heavy metals, and to a lesser extent pesticides, and industrial chemicals can adsorb onto microplastics through these electrostatic interactions and can stick to the plastic’s surface like glue. Heavy metals often carry a positive charge. This is due to the way their atoms are structured. Opposite charges attract. So, when a plastic develops a positive charge, it can attract negatively charged ions of heavy metals. This attraction is like a magnet pulling a metal object towards it and creates a strong affinity between microplastics and these metals.
• Surface area: according to the Marine Pollution Bulletin, NMP’s with pores can trap pollutants within their structure, increasing the overall capacity for toxin absorption.
• PH levels: Different pH levels can change the degree of ionization of functional groups on the plastic surface, affecting pollutant binding. Environmental Science & Technology Research highlights how at certain pH levels, the adsorption of heavy metals on NMPs is enhanced due to changes in metal ion speciation. Furthermore, Pollutants may become more or less soluble at different pH levels, altering their availability for adsorption onto NMPs. For example, in acidic conditions (Low pH) pollutants are more soluble, increasing their interaction with NMPs.
• Hydrogen Bonding: Most plastics contain specific functional groups on their surface (like carboxyl, hydroxyl or amino groups)which contain hydrogen atoms attached to oxygen or nitrogen, the same as many industrial pollutants and toxins. The hydrogen from the plastic can then cause a bond with the electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) in the pollutant.
• Organic Matter: composed primarily of decomposed plant and animal residues, and microorganisms, can interact with pollutants in a way that changes their chemical properties. This can make pollutants more likely to stick to surfaces have been shown to enhance the solubility of certain pollutants. Research from the Journal of Hazardous Materials details how organic matter in aquatic environments interacts with microplastics and pollutants, affecting adsorption dynamics. Further reports from The Science of the Total Environment suggests that dissolved organic matter can facilitate the transport of pollutants to microplastics by forming intermediates, highlighting carcinogenic effects from PCB
• Van der Waals Forces: weak, non-covalent interactions that occur between molecules. While individually weak, collectively they can result in significant adsorption. Think of it like Velcro, each tiny hook is a weak bond, but together they create a strong bond, particularly industrial pollutants like PAH’s due to their flat shape and large surface area.

Lets conclude

Now we can see that NMPs are not just harmful on their own. They can also have toxic chemicals engrained in them, in addition to their ability to absorb and transport toxins throughout the body creating a dangerous synergistic effect that amplifies toxicity and increases health risks. Especially as plastic-related chemical exposure remains largely unregulated, more research and stricter regulations are urgently needed.

Check out our plastic additives article for a more detailed run down

increases health risks. Especially as plastic-related chemical exposure remains largely unregulated, more research and stricter regulations are urgently needed.

We’ve just explored how nano and microplastics (NMPs) absorb and transport harmful toxins throughout the body. But how do they move around, and what damage do these tiny particles cause on their own?

Cellular Damage

NMPs, particularly small nanoplastics, have been shown to penetrate cellular membranes. Once inside, they can disrupt cellular functions, leading to a plethora of health complications. Including : oxidative stress, inflammation, and genetic damage, potentially contributing to chronic diseases. Here’s how:

• Organ Accumulation: their small size allows them to wiggle through intestines and lungs directly into the bloodstream and travel from there to organs including the heart and brain, and even cross through the placenta to the bodies of unborn babies These tiny particles can travel through the bloodstream and accumulate in various organs, including the brain, liver, and reproductive system.
• Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage: Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body’s ability to neutralize them with antioxidants. Studies have shown that NMP’s can generate free radicals, particularly ROS(Reactive Oxygen Species) within cells, this leads to oxidative stress and can damage proteins, lipids, as well as cause DNA damage, and changes in gene activity. This can lead to gene mutations that can potentially result in cancer, as well as aid in disease and aging.
• Waste Build Up and Cell Death: once they have bypassed our defences, they can invade individual cells disrupting cellular functions and potentially leading to long-term health issues. They interfere with the mitochondria, the cell’s powerhouses, leading to impaired lysosomes, the cell’s recycling centres, leading to lysosomal dysfunction resulting in the accumulation of waste products energy production issues, cellular damage and even cell death, as well as oxidative stress, and inflammation. In addition they induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, disrupting this organelle’s crucial role in protein synthesis and folding, leading to cell dysfunction.. They can also permeate can also the gut epithelium more easily, potentially leading to systemic exposure. Studies have shown that nanoparticles can accumulate in lysosomes, which is critical for breaking down cellular waste, leading to lysosomal dysfunction, which can result in waste buildup and cell damage.
• Nutrient deprivation: Some studies suggest that nanoparticles might interfere with the cell membrane’s ability to transport essential nutrients.
• Altered Cell Signalling: Research has shown that nanoparticles can interfere with signalling pathways involved in cell growth, division, and apoptosis. For instance, nanoparticles have been observed to affect the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, which is crucial for regulating cell growth and response to stress. Disruption of these pathways can potentially lead to uncontrolled cell growth and contribute to cancer development.
• Damage DNA: The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by nanoplastics causes oxidative stress, damaging cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. This oxidative damage can lead to DNA damage, genetic mutations, and an increased risk of cancer. The possible link between NMPs and DNA damage also suggests a broader risk to the body. Josefa Domenech’s, of the University of Valencia, Spain, 2023 review highlighted NMPs’ ability to cause DNA damage, potentially leading to carcinogenic effects. Although more research is needed, the implications for both gut and systemic health are concerning.

Inflammation and Immune System Activation

Cellular damage and the presence of foreign particles activate the immune system. Macrophages and other immune cells recognize NMP’s  as foreign invaders and attempt to engulf and break them down.  They then release cytokines and other signalling molecules. These mediators are responsible for coordinating  and promoting the inflammatory response by recruiting additional immune cells to the site of damage. This cellular stress response that leads to issues such as:

• Chronic Inflammation: occurs due to a prolonged and excessive immune response that occurs when the body’s defence system continues to react even after the initial cause of inflammation is removed. Continuous exposure to NMP’s can lead to this persistent activation of the immune system. This prolonged inflammation persists over months or years and can cause significant harm including rheumatoid arthritis( where our immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of our joints), damage of tissues and organs, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular harm, and potentially even cancer.
• Protein Corona: NMPs can attract proteins in the body, forming a “corona” that might influence their interaction with cells and organs This protein corona gives NMPs a new “biological identity” that can differ significantly from their original synthetic identity. This new identity influences how the immune system and other biological systems perceive and respond to NMPs. These proteins are associated with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD) like Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis. Conditions that have mysteriously surged, with cases nearly doubling between 1990 and 2017.
• Granulomas Formation: NMP’s in the body can cause granulomas, small clusters of immune cells that form around irritating substances. This immune response indicates chronic irritation and inflammation, further demonstrating the harmful effects of microplastics on health. NMP’s in the body can cause granulomas, which are small clusters of immune cells that form around irritating substances. When microplastics are ingested or inhaled, the immune system may try to isolate them by creating these granulomas. This response helps contain the plastic particles but also indicates chronic irritation and inflammation

Take note

It’s crucial to emphasize that while research indicates a strong association between microplastics and various health issues, establishing definitive causation remains a complex challenge. The phrase “correlation does not equal causation” highlights the importance of careful scientific inquiry. Nonetheless, it is vital to be aware of the potential harms relating to something that is so very prominent in our daily lives.

The alarming increase in cancer rates has sparked serious concerns about the environmental factors potentially driving this trend. While research is ongoing, a growing body of evidence suggests that the rise in plastic use may be linked to the increase in certain types of cancer. Although correlation does not necessarily imply causation, it is essential to examine the ways nano-microplastics (NMPs) could contribute to cancer risks.

Size and Penetration: Breaking Through Biological Barriers

Cellular Damage: Promoting Cancerous Behavior

 As covered in section 3, nanoplastics have been shown to penetrate our biological barriers, enter systemic circulation and accumulate in human tissue  such as the blood-brain barrier and placenta. This cellular penetration is worrying for the following reasons:

• Cancer Cell Progression: Multiple studies have been shown that NMP’s can interfere with normal cellular functions. For example, studies on breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) indicate that exposure to NMPs can promote cell cycle progression, accelerating tumor growth. An additional study, conducted by Hamurcu et al. (2018) from Erciyes University demonstrated that polyethylene NMP’s can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human lung cells.  This process, critical in cancer metastasis, enables cancer cells to become more mobile and invasive, suggesting that NMP’s may exacerbate tumor progression .
• Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): NMPs have been shown to generate ROS within cells, which are chemically reactive molecules that can damage cells, proteins, and DNA. Elevated levels of ROS are linked to cellular damage and increased cancer risk., leading to oxidative stress. This stress damages cellular structures, including DNA, and can trigger mutations, promoting the development of cancer. A 2023 study in Frontiers in Environmental Science highlighted that polystyrene nanoplastics induce genotoxicity by causing DNA damage.
• DNA Damage: DNA damage is a precursor to mutations, which are often the first step in the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells. Early evidence suggests that NMPs may impair DNA repair mechanisms, further increasing the risk of cancer. The same 2023 study demonstrated that polystyrene nanoplastics could disrupt normal DNA repair processes, raising concerns about their long-term impact on human health.

Chronic inflammation is a well-known risk factor for cancer. Research has shown that exposure to NMPs, can trigger an inflammatory response. This occurs through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In research conducted by Jun Hyung Park et al. (2024), polypropylene microplastics (PPMPs) were shown to induce the production of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, which is linked to tumour progression. The study, published in Scientific Reports, demonstrated how microplastic exposure could promote inflammation and enhance metastatic features in breast cancer cells . This cellular change could accelerate tumor growth and exacerbate cancer metastasis . Studies show that exposure to microplastics can alter cellular behavior and promote carcinogenic activity.

As covered, their size allows them to penetrate our biological barriers

Chemical Leaching: As previously covered, plastics are made up of a plethora of different chemicals, which can leach out over time.. Many of these chemicals are known endocrine disruptors, such as phthalates, which have been linked to hormone-related cancers such as breast and prostate cancer. When NMPs break down, they can transport these chemicals around the body, causing them to interact with cells in ways that promote carcinogenesis (the formation of cancer).

Let’s Conclude:

While there is no conclusive evidence linking NMP’s to cancer, the emerging research suggests that they have several characteristics that may contribute to cancer development. Their ability to penetrate biological barriers, induce chronic inflammation, leach harmful chemicals, and promote cellular changes all raise concerns about their long-term health risks. However, more research is needed to determine the exact sources of harm, assess the full impact of plastic chemicals, and understand whether different types of plastics contribute to varying degrees of health risks.

The brain is meticulously protected by the blood-brain barrier, a formidable shield that safeguards the delicate neural environment, unfortunately, NMP’s have managed to wiggle themselves through that barrier, at a greater rate than the rest of our bodies!

Alarming research from the University of New Mexico, led by Dr. Matthew Campen, revealed that NMP’s are accumulating disproportionately in our at a rate 7 to 30 times more than the plastic found in our liver and kidneys.

The study was conducted in healthy individuals aged 45-50, finding plastic accumulation in brain tissues at 4800 grams per gram, meaning our brains now consist of 99.5% brain tissue and 0.5% plastic. This is made even worrying considering this is a 50% increase than brains observed just 8 years ago. Dr. Campen noted, “There’s much more plastic in our brains than I ever imagined or would be comfortable with.“

Why do Nano-Microplastics accumulate so much in our brains?

Nano-microplastics cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the brain due to its high fat content, approximately 60% of the brain is fat, making it an attractive target for plastic particles. These tiny particles, ranging from 100-200 nanometers, can travel through fat pathways, potentially exploiting the fats we consume and settling in the brain. Dr. Campen further stated, “I don’t know how much more plastic our brain can store without causing problems.“

What Are the Potential Dangers of NMPs in the Brain?

While definitive research on the effects of NMPs in human brains is still lacking, animal studies provide crucial insights. These studies show that NMPs can accumulate in brain tissue, particularly in regions responsible for thinking, reasoning, and cognitive function. Alarmingly, this is the same area most affected by dementia and late-stage Alzheimer’s disease.

. Here’s what we can gather from this studies

• Neurological Disorders(Alzheimer’s, dementia and more):
• Emerging research suggests a concerning link between NMP’s and neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s and dementia. A pre-print study by Campen found up to 10 times more plastic particles in brain samples from individuals who had died with dementia, including Alzheimer’s, compared to healthy samples. Similarly, a mouse study led by Professor Jaime Ross from the University of Rhode Island revealed that NMP’s bioaccumulated in all major organs, including the brain. Alarmingly, these studies suggest that NMP exposure reduces the production of GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein), a crucial protein for the structure and function of glial cells, which support and protect neurons. Glial cells make up around 90% of the brain, and reduced GFAP levels have been associated with early stages of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, dementia, and even depression. Some of the mice observed displayed behavioural issues, hinting at the potential impairment of brain function caused by microplastic exposure.
• Neuroinflammation: This same study showed as well as another study published in Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology in 2021 showed a link between NMP’s and neuroinflammation. When inflammation occurs in the brain, it can affect the function of neurons and disrupt communication between brain cells damaging neuronal structures, and affecting synaptic plasticity.. This inflammation can lead to cognitive impairments such as memory loss, reduced concentration, impaired learning abilities and over time more severe neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, chronic inflammation may decrease the production of new neurons and release neurotoxins that further damage brain cells, exacerbating cognitive impairments.
• Autoimmune Disorders: NMPs can potentially resemble components of the body’s own tissues, leading the immune system to mistakenly target its own cells. This mimicry can exacerbate autoimmune conditions by increasing the likelihood of the immune system attacking the protective sheath around nerve fibres, as seen in conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Developmental Harm: Through their ability to carry and release toxic substances, they can potentially carry neurotoxins such as heavy metals and harmful additives, which have been shown hinder the neurological development of children

In Conclusion

This is one of the more worrying segments of the article, particularly regarding the rapid increase of plastic particles in our brains  in such a short span of time. Dr. Campen highlights that this rise in brain plastic levels aligns with the growing plastic production in the environment, suggesting that as plastic production intensifies, so too could the accumulation of these toxins in our brains. However, it’s important to note that research is still in its early stages, and we do not yet have conclusive evidence of the full extent of the harm NMPs may cause. Nonetheless, these findings warrant.

Once in the bloodstream, these tiny toxins can travel and be deposited anywhere, including within our cardiovascular system.

Groundbreaking study published in the New England Journal of Medicine has revealed a concerning link between microplastic exposure and cardiovascular risk The study, conducted by the diabetes department at IRCCS MultiMedica in Milan Italy, followed 257 participants, all of whom had fatty plaques removed from their carotid arteries between the years 2019 and 2020. Researchers discovered NMP’s, primarily polyethylene, in the carotid artery plaques of 58.4% of patients. The scientists continued to follow the patients for 34 months and here’s what they found:

• Increased Cardiovascular Risk: Individuals with microplastic-laden plaques were 4.5 times more likely to experience a heart attack, stroke, or death within the study period. After adjusting for factors that put a person at high risk for heart disease, such as older age and having type 2 diabetes, the team found that those with microplastics or nanoplastics in their plaque were 4.5 times more likely to have had a stroke or heart attack, or to have died within the three-year timeframe.

According to the head of the diabetes department Antonio Ceriello, “Nobody was expecting to see such a huge difference between having or not having nanoplastics in the plaques”.

Another study conducted by the Central China Normal University using polystyrene NMP’s  with different surface charges,  showed a divisive impact on insulin resistance and glucose metabolism in mice, particularly with the amino-modified NMP’s:

• Increased Risk of Diabetes: The amino-modified NMP’s  were found to cause severe Type 2 diabetes (T2DM)-like symptoms, including elevated fasting blood glucose, Impaired insulin signalling, oxidative stress and liver damage. Which are all hallmarks of type 2 diabetes. These particles were even shown to interfere with cellular signalling pathways, impairing key metabolic pathways like PI3K-Akt, which is crucial for regulating various cellular functions, including glucose metabolism, cell growth, and survival

Take note

While these studies show a strong correlation between NMP exposure and cardiovascular health risks, they do not directly prove causation. Factors such as pollution, processed foods, and environmental exposure to microplastics via air, food, or water may also contribute to the increased health risks as these are all linked with excess levels of NMP’s. It’s crucial to interpret these findings cautiously, considering multiple potential exposure sources.

The link between Nano-Microplastics (NMPs) and infertility has become a hot topic in recent years. With alarming reports of microplastics being discovered in male testicles, semen, as well as women’s placental tissues, coupled with the staggering statistics showing that sperm counts have halved over the past few decades, it’s no wonder that concerns are mounting.

Before we delve in to the harm of NMP’s themselves, we need brush over some key aspects mentioned in the previous section of the article:

• NMPs Often Contain Hormone-Disrupting Additives: It’s a known fact that additives commonly engrained in plastic, such as BPA and phthalates, act as xenoestrogens (foreign estrogen) in our bodies, mimicking our hormones and directly affecting our reproductive health. Check out our plastic additives article after for more details
• NMPs Absorb Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs): NMPs have a strong affinity for absorbing EDCs from the environment. These toxins, which include certain pesticides, industrial chemicals, heavy metals and plastic additives, are particularly harmful to the reproductive system. By accumulating these harmful substances, NMPs can exacerbate their negative impact on human fertility.
• NMP’s Can Transport These Toxins Around Our Body: Due to NMP’s ability to bypass our natural barriers, they can potentially carry and deposit these toxins to various organs in our bodies. This synergistic interaction can amplify the health risks associated with these toxins.

What Do Studies Say About NMPs effect on our Reproductive Systems?

While studies have confirmed the accumulation of NMPs in human reproductive organs, a direct and definitive link between NMPs themselves and reproductive harm in humans is still emerging, with most studies being conducted in animals. But here’s what we know about NMP’s direct effect on the human reproductive system

Human Impact:

Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: As covered, NMPs can bioaccumulate in various parts of the body, leading to oxidative stress and inflammation. The impact of this depends on whereabouts in the body it occurs, in the reproductive system, these conditions have been shown to harm sperm and egg quality and disrupt embryo implantation, potentially impacting fertility.

Sperm quality decline in industrial workers. A study involving male industrial workers exposed to high levels of airborne NMP’s found significant declines in sperm quality, including decreased motility and concentration. These workers also exhibited higher levels of oxidative stress markers, suggesting a direct link between microplastic exposure and reproductive health deterioration (Garcia et al., 2023).

Placental microplastics and foetal development. The discovery of NMP’s in placental tissues were particularly concerning given the placenta’s vital role in nurturing and protecting the foetus. A study conducted this year revealed that pregnant women with high NMP exposure had higher incidences of complications such as preterm birth and low birth weight, highlighting the need for further research into the long-term effects on children born to mothers with high microplastic exposure (Ragusa et al., 2024). This could be due to the ability of NMP’s to compromise the placenta’s barrier function, allowing harmful substances to reach the foetus. Further research published in Nanotoxicology has shown that NMP induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human placental cells, can lead to altered foetal growth profiles.

Hormonal Disruption: A study in Environmental Science & Technology revealed that NMPs can disrupt endocrine function by interacting with hormone receptors, leading to altered hormone levels and potential reproductive dysfunction. This highlights the complex ways in which NMPs could interfere with reproductive health, though more solidified evidence is required.

While there is growing concern about the potential effects of NMPs on human fertility, more robust, large-scale studies are needed to establish clear links. Most existing studies are observational or based on animal models, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions for human health.

What do the Animal Studies tell us about NMP’s?

• Study 1 (Rodents): A 12-week study on mice indicated significant reproductive toxicities, including spermatogenesis disorders and sperm abnormalities. Microplastics were also associated with testis inflammation and a decrease in Sertoli cell numbers, which are essential for sperm production.
• Study 2 (Zebrafish): Research published in Environmental Pollution found that exposure to microplastics led to reduced hatching success, increased malformations, and impaired larval growth in zebrafish. The study also observed that microplastics could transfer from the female to offspring, causing reproductive and developmental issues.
• Study 3 (Dogs): An eye opening study led by Professor Xiaozhong “John” Yu at the University of New Mexico revealed that dogs exposed to PVC NMPs over a 24-month period exhibited a significant reduction in sperm count. This is particularly alarming because, according to Yu, “Compared to rats and other animals, dogs are biologically closer to humans. Their spermatogenesis closely mirrors that of humans, and sperm concentration is similarly affected.” Additionally, canine sperm counts appear to be declining, raising concerns about shared environmental factors between humans and dogs contributing to this issue. A related study, published in the Journal Andrologia, further found that synthetic polyester underwear led to testicular degeneration in dogs, likely due to the electrostatic charges produced by synthetic materials.
•  

How did NMP’s cause Developmental Harm in Animals?

Irregular Behaviour: Research has shown that when parent mice were exposed to polyethylene NMP’s, their offspring developed autistic-like traits, such as repetitive and compulsive behaviours. These traits emerged after the offspring were weaned from their mothers and persisted into adulthood. Additionally, when pregnant mice were exposed to polystyrene NMP’s these particles accumulated in the foetal thalamus, leading to anxiety-like behaviours in the offspring as they reached eight weeks of age

Impaired Brain and CNS Development: The prevalence of abnormal brain activity in NMP affected animals is shown in a multitude of studies. Such as a study conducted in mice showing a significant reduction in the number of proliferative cells within the hippocampus, a key indicator of abnormal brain development. Studies on chick embryos and pups provide compelling evidence that in utero exposure to Nano-Microplastics (NMPs) can severely impact nervous system development, leading to neural tube defects. These findings indicate that such exposure can cause neurophysiological and cognitive deficits in offspring, with effects varying by gender.

Organ Development: These studies also displayed the how NMP exposure during pregnancy in mice and chicks can negatively impact the development of vital organs, including the liver, spleen, and heart, with effects that may persist into adulthood..

Take Note

The NMP’s used in these studies were specifically manufactured and likely lacked the diverse chemical additives found in commercial plastic products that are regularly consumed by us. These additives, commonly present in everyday plastics, have been linked to the programming of transgenerational adult-onset diseases, as well as a plethora of hormonal and developmental issues. For a deep dive on plastic additives click here…

Conclusion: The Growing Concern Over NMPs and Fertility

The link between nano-microplastics (NMPs) and the global infertility crisis is becoming increasingly clear. While much of the evidence points to the indirect effects of plastic additives and environmental toxins absorbed by NMPs, recent studies in both animals and humans are raising red flags. The discovery of NMPs in reproductive organs has amplified concerns about their direct role in reproductive health. Alarming research suggests these particles, as well as the endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) they carry, can even be passed on to newborns through the placenta and breast milk.

The digestive system, particularly the gut and the liver, is a prime target for NMP accumulation. Particularly due to ingestion, where they make their ways through our digestive tracts and eventually get deposited in the gut.

The gut, home to trillions of beneficial bacteria, plays a critical role in digestion, immune function, and overall well-being. However, it is particularly vulnerable to NMP invasion. While our bodies have natural defences like the mucus barrier in the upper gut and lower airways that effectively trap larger particles, NMP’s, especially smaller particles or those with irregular shapes, can bypass these defences. They infiltrate through gaps in the gut lining, leading to gut barrier disruption. As a result, this can diminish the population of beneficial gut bacteria and promote the growth of harmful pathogens

Here’s a breakdown of the ways NMP’s can cause harm to the gut:

Gut Microbiome Disruption :

NMP’s pose a significant threat to gut health by disrupting the gut microbiome and triggering harmful biological processes. Here’s a detailed look at how NMPs affect the gut based on current research:

• Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Both animal and human studies demonstrate NMP induced inflammation and oxidative stress. These tiny plastic particles disrupt the intestinal barrier, triggering inflammation in the gut lining, which can lead to chronic digestive disorders and contribute to systemic health issues. Research demonstrates that NMPs also induce oxidative stress in gut cells, resulting in cell damage. This oxidative stress is linked to various conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and metabolic disorders. Studies, such as those by Zhang et al. (2020), show that NMP exposure causes the release of cytokines, inflammatory proteins that contribute to chronic inflammation. Elevated cytokine levels further exacerbate like gastrointestinal inflammation and metabolic imbalances. By damaging gut cells and triggering an immune response, NMPs create a cascade of harmful biological reactions that have significant implications for overall human health.
• Altered Gut Microbiome: The studies are consistent, with human studies showing significant changes in gut microbiota, including increased levels of harmful bacteria like Desulfovibrio and Clostridia, and decreased beneficial bacteria such as Dubosoella . This dysbiosis can aid in the growth of harmful pathogens, leading to inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases and immune dysfunction
• Microbiome Imbalance: Further studies show that gut microbes might attach to and interact with NMPs, potentially altering their behaviour and composition, leading to a less diverse and healthy gut environment. A study conducted by Gloria Fackelmann of McGill University, Canada, observed birds in their natural environment. She concluded that “The more microplastics found in the gut, the fewer commensal bacteria could be detected.’
• Disruption of Nutrient Absorption: Commensal bacteria is crucial for nutrient absorption and pathogen defence. As NMP’s have been shown to reduce commensal bacteria, this means a reduced supply of essential nutrients to help the gut defend against opportunistic pathogens. Which can further impact gut health, promoting conditions like chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders. Facklemann also noted that the study ‘reflects the circumstances of animals in the wild’, unlike many studies where a very high concentration of NMP’s are used.
• Antibiotic Resistance: NMP’s may significantly contribute to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, further jeopardizing gut health. Studies, including one published in Environmental Science & Technology (2019), reveal that microplastics can act as vectors for antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), creating “hotspots” for their spread through horizontal gene transfer. Additionally, research from Water Research (2018) found that microplastics promote biofilm formation, harboring both pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A further study Jin et al. (2020), showed that prolonged exposure to Polystyrene NMPs, facilitates in the growth of antibiotic-resistant strains in the gut and making infections harder to treat. This poses a growing public health threat, reducing the efficacy of antibiotics and increasing the risk of persistent infections.
• Colon Cancer: Meltem Cetin et al. (2023) observed higher concentrations of microplastics in cancerous colon tissues compared to non-cancerous tissues, suggesting a possible connection between NMP exposure and colorectal cancer.

How are Nano-Microplastics causing harm to our Liver?

NMP’s pose a significant threat to liver health, as evidenced by several studies. The liver, a vital organ responsible for detoxification, metabolism, and enzyme production, can suffer severe damage from exposure to NMPs. Here’s a breakdown of how these tiny particles impact the liver:

Oxidative Stress & Chronic Inflammation: NMPs increase oxidative stress and inflammation in liver cells, leading to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This oxidative stress can trigger chronic liver inflammation, contributing to tissue damage and conditions like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, and liver fibrosis.).

Disruption of Liver Enzymes: The liver plays a crucial role in producing enzymes essential for digestion, metabolism, and detoxification. NMPs have been shown to disrupt enzyme function, impairing overall liver health.

Impairing Liver Regeneration: One of the liver’s remarkable abilities is to regenerate after injury. NMPs hinder this process, limiting the liver’s capacity to heal itself effectively. This impaired regeneration can leave the liver vulnerable to progressive diseases and decreased detoxification capabilities.

Liver Cancer Risk: Although research is still in its early stages, emerging studies suggest a potential link between NMP’s and liver cancer. The chronic inflammation and oxidative stress caused by NMPs create an environment conducive to cancer cell growth, particularly when the liver is already weakened by toxins or inflammation​

Metabolic Disruption: NMPs interfere with the liver’s ability to regulate key metabolic functions like glucose and cholesterol metabolism. Disruptions in these processes increase the risk of developing metabolic disorders like diabetes and fatty liver disease​.

Cell Death (Apoptosis) and Liver Toxicity: NMPs are toxic to hepatocytes (the primary liver cells). Prolonged exposure can induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which severely impairs liver function. Studies on animal models have shown that NMPs can damage liver cells, affecting their ability to detoxify harmful substances and produce proteins necessary for overall body function .

Toxin Transport: NMP’s can carry toxic substances, including heavy metals and environmental pollutants, directly into the liver. This increases the organ’s toxic load and heightens the risk of liver dysfunction and diseases.

In Conclusion

Given the vital role of the gut and liver in overall bodily health, the potential impact of NMP’s is alarming. The current evidence underscores the urgent need for comprehensive studies to fully understand the implications of NMPs on digestive health. As research progresses, it will be crucial to investigate these effects further to better assess and mitigate the risks associated with these pervasive pollutants. We should aim to minimise risk and increase healthy practices

The respiratory system is particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of NMP’s. Extensive research affirms that NMP exposure, especially through inhalation, significantly impacts lung health.. The concentration of harmful effects on the lungs highlights the severity of airborne NMP exposure.

Recent studies have raised concerns over the presence of NMP’s in the lower regions of the lungs. Researchers, including senior author Laura Sadofsky from Hull York Medical School, were surprised to find these particles in the lower regions of the lungs, where the airways become narrower. Particles of this size were expected to be filtered out before reaching such depths.

This deep penetration is particularly concerning because the lower airways, including the bronchioles and alveoli, critical for gas exchange, lack the defence mechanisms (such as mucus and cilia) present in the upper respiratory system. Without these protective barriers, NMP’s can accumulate in these sensitive areas causing long-term damage and respiratory disease. This alarming discovery further highlights the potential for NMPs to evade the body’s natural defences and penetrate further into sensitive areas.

What are the key ways Nano-Microplastics cause harm in our respiratory system?

• Inflammation and Apoptosis NMP exposure has been shown to increases levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 in lung cells. It also reduces antioxidant activities (e.g., GSH-Px, CAT, SOD), leading to oxidative stress. Additionally, the internalization of NMPs by lung epithelial cells triggers cell apoptosis(death) and disruption of cellular functions, which worsens lung diseases.
• Chronic Respiratory Issues: Oxidative stress in the lungs can cause respiratory irritation and inflammation, which may result in chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, as well as fatigue and dizziness due to a low blood oxygen concentration. and other lung diseases.

The consequences of NMP inhalation extend far beyond inflammation, here are what some extensive studies have concluded:

• Lung Disease and Scarring (Fibrosis): A study from 1992-1996 revealed a concerning outbreak of “flock-worker’s lung” in workers from the nylon flocking industry in Rhode Island, USA at rates nearly 10x that of the general public! This condition, linked to exposure to high levels of respirable nylon particles and chemicals used in the flocking process, presents with symptoms such as nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), linked to lung inflammation and fibrosis, as well as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), which involves the formation of granulation tissue in the small airways (bronchioles) and alveolar ducts, a distinct pattern of lung disease compared to other forms of ILD.
• Decreased Lung Capacity: Studies at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, using human tissues resembling lungs, found that microplastics reduced the number of airways in the lungs by 67% and the size of airways by 50%. This indicates a significant impact on lung function and capacity.
• Disruption of the Body’s Oxygen Exchange: When NMP’s reach the alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs responsible for gas exchange, they can trigger inflammatory responses. This leads to respiratory issues such as shortness of breath. Over time, inflammation caused by these particles can damage lung tissue, leading to fibrosis (scarring). This scarring impairs the lung’s ability to efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, further compromising respiratory health
• Synergistic Effects with Allergens: Through the ability of NMPs to disrupt the alveolar barrier, they can as a result, increase airway inflammation and mucus secretion, exacerbating allergic reactions and respiratory conditions like asthma.

Let’s Conclude

The impact of NMP’s on lung health is one of the most thoroughly researched and established concerns, especially for individuals exposed to high levels in polluted environments, such as factories. While the risk is higher in these areas, it’s important to note that those outside of these environments still face potential harm from airborne NMPs. To explore ways to combat the risks of inhaling NMPs, refer to sections 9 and 10 of this article for actionable tips and strategies.

The respiratory system is particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of NMP’s. Extensive research affirms that NMP exposure, especially through inhalation, significantly impacts lung health.. The concentration of harmful effects on the lungs highlights the severity of airborne NMP exposure.

Recent studies have raised concerns over the presence of NMP’s in the lower regions of the lungs. Researchers, including senior author Laura Sadofsky from Hull York Medical School, were surprised to find these particles in the lower regions of the lungs, where the airways become narrower. Particles of this size were expected to be filtered out before reaching such depths.

This deep penetration is particularly concerning because the lower airways, including the bronchioles and alveoli, critical for gas exchange, lack the defence mechanisms (such as mucus and cilia) present in the upper respiratory system. Without these protective barriers, NMP’s can accumulate in these sensitive areas causing long-term damage and respiratory disease. This alarming discovery further highlights the potential for NMPs to evade the body’s natural defences and penetrate further into sensitive areas.

What are the key ways Nano-Microplastics cause harm in our respiratory system?

• Inflammation and Apoptosis NMP exposure has been shown to increases levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 in lung cells. It also reduces antioxidant activities (e.g., GSH-Px, CAT, SOD), leading to oxidative stress. Additionally, the internalization of NMPs by lung epithelial cells triggers cell apoptosis(death) and disruption of cellular functions, which worsens lung diseases.
• Chronic Respiratory Issues: Oxidative stress in the lungs can cause respiratory irritation and inflammation, which may result in chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, as well as fatigue and dizziness due to a low blood oxygen concentration. and other lung diseases.

The consequences of NMP inhalation extend far beyond inflammation, here are what some extensive studies have concluded:

• Lung Disease and Scarring (Fibrosis): A study from 1992-1996 revealed a concerning outbreak of “flock-worker’s lung” in workers from the nylon flocking industry in Rhode Island, USA at rates nearly 10x that of the general public! This condition, linked to exposure to high levels of respirable nylon particles and chemicals used in the flocking process, presents with symptoms such as nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), linked to lung inflammation and fibrosis, as well as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), which involves the formation of granulation tissue in the small airways (bronchioles) and alveolar ducts, a distinct pattern of lung disease compared to other forms of ILD.
• Decreased Lung Capacity: Studies at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, using human tissues resembling lungs, found that microplastics reduced the number of airways in the lungs by 67% and the size of airways by 50%. This indicates a significant impact on lung function and capacity.
• Disruption of the Body’s Oxygen Exchange: When NMP’s reach the alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs responsible for gas exchange, they can trigger inflammatory responses. This leads to respiratory issues such as shortness of breath. Over time, inflammation caused by these particles can damage lung tissue, leading to fibrosis (scarring). This scarring impairs the lung’s ability to efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, further compromising respiratory health
• Synergistic Effects with Allergens: Through the ability of NMPs to disrupt the alveolar barrier, they can as a result, increase airway inflammation and mucus secretion, exacerbating allergic reactions and respiratory conditions like asthma.

In Conclusion

The impact of NMP’s on lung health is one of the most thoroughly researched and established concerns, especially for individuals exposed to high levels in polluted environments, such as factories. While the risk is higher in these areas, it’s important to note that those outside of these environments still face potential harm from airborne NMPs. To explore ways to combat the risks of inhaling NMPs, refer to sections 9 and 10 of this article for actionable tips and strategies.

The Great Unknown

Before we dive in, we must reiterate some concerning aspects of the plastic problem: almost every type of plastic we encounter daily contains chemical additives. In fact, it’s virtually impossible to find a plastic material that is completely free from chemicals. Let’s briefly summaries:

• Chemical Complexity: Plastics can contain thousands of chemicals, many of which remain unidentified.
• Limited Identification: Current databases are unable to identify a significant portion of the chemicals found in plastics, with studies showing to 82% of chemicals found in plastic samples are not readily identifiable.
• Synergistic Effects: The combination of microplastics and harmful chemicals can amplify health risks, making it even harder to identify the source of harm.

Bear that in mind when we analyse and compare the difference types of plastic. Though the Resin Identification Code (RIC) on the back of plastic items provides some level of insight into the type of plastic, it doesn’t tell the full story. Even plastics labeled as ‘safe’ can still pose potential risks due to the hidden chemicals they contain. As we explore the implications of plastic usage,

Even though the plastic identifier (RIC) code on the back of plastics may give us some level of understanding regarding a plastic, it still cannot paint the full picture of the potential harms of even the plastics considered ‘safe’. Keep this in mind as we analyse and compare the different types of plastic.

Take note

While the Resin Identification Code (RIC) on plastic items offers some insight into the type of plastic, it doesn’t provide the complete picture. Even plastics labelled as ‘safe’ can carry hidden risks due to the chemical additives they contain. As we explore the health implications of everyday plastics, it’s important to keep these limitations in mind.

Here’s a breakdown of the observed plastic types: The numbers act as a plastic identifier (Resin Identification Code).

#1–Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE) : A lightweight, strong plastic known for its moisture resistance, making it ideal for packaging consumable goods and keeping them fresh. PET is also shatter-resistant and fully recyclable, making it a top choice in a variety of industries.

• Common Uses: Beverage bottles, food/cosmetic containers, and synthetic textiles (polyester).

 #2 – High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE): A sturdy, durable plastic with high impact and chemical resistance. It is widely used in both household and industrial applications due to its strength and flexibility. HDPE is also has high UV-resistance, making it suitable for outdoor use.

• Common Uses: Milk jugs, detergent bottles, plastic bags, piping, storage containers, playground equipment and outdoor furniture.

#3 – Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Another versatile plastic known for its durability and flexibility, making it suitable for both rigid and flexible products. It also has a high resistance to environmental degradation and chemicals, which makes it ideal for long-term applications.

Common Uses: Consumer goods (toys, raincoats, shower curtains etc), medical devices, packaging, pipes, as well as construction and industrial applications.

#4 – Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE): Favoured for its flexibility and moisture resistance, making it ideal for lightweight, moldable applications.

• Common Uses: Plastic bags, cling wrap, bubble wrap, food packaging, squeeze bottles, plastic films, garbage bags, six-pack rings, and laboratory equipment.

#5 – Polypropylene (PP) : A popular plastic known for durability, and resistance to heat, moisture, grease, and chemicals as well as being lightweight

• Common Uses: Yogurt containers, straws, bottle caps, food containers, medical equipment, automative parts, carpets and reusable food containers.

#6 – Polystyrene (PS): It can be either solid or foamed and is valued for its insulation properties and lightweight nature. It is often used in disposable products but also serves as an excellent thermal and shock absorber in packaging.

• Common Uses: Disposable cutlery, foam packaging, coffee cups, insulation materials and protective packaging.

#7 – Other (Mixed Plastics, Including Polycarbonate and Polylactic Acid): This category includes a variety of plastics that don’t fit into the other six types. It features polycarbonate, known for its strength and clarity, and polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable plastic used in eco-friendly products, as well as other less established forms of plastic. These plastics are versatile and often used in innovative or specialty applications

• Common Uses: Water bottles, food containers, baby bottles, biodegradable plastics as well as mixed plastics that cannot be easily categorized.

Are there any ‘safe’ plastics?

Though no plastic is completely safe, and plastics can breakdown in to NMP’s, there are still a few that have shown to be safer than others such as:

Polylactic Acid (PLA)#7: Known as the gold standard of safe plastics. PLA is a type of biodegradable plastic derived from renewable resources such as corn starch or sugarcane. It’s often used as an alternative to traditional plastics due to its more environmentally friendly properties,, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional plastics. However,

• Limitations: Though it is a considered a more environmentally friendly alternative it can still degrade and leach substances such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and lactic acid when exposed to high temperatures or prolonged use. Additionally, the impact of additives in PLA is still a point of concern regarding its overall safety.

High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)#: often considered one of the safer plastics, as it is typically resistant to leaching and holds up well under standard conditions without breaking down or contaminating food and liquids.

• Limitations: Similarly to other plastics, HDPE can leach harmful substances such as VOC’s and potentially trace amounts of heavy metals when exposed to extreme conditions or high temperatures.

Which types of plastics are considered dangerous? Which types of plastics are the most dangerous according to studies?

Let’s breakdown some data we have regarding observed types of plastic:

• Polycarbonate Plastics(PC)#7: These plastics are manufactured using Bisphenol A (BPA) as a primary monomer, a hormone-disrupting chemical, has been extensively linked to endocrine disruption, including effects on reproductive health, metabolic disorders, and increased risks of certain cancers. When exposed to heat or acidic conditions, polycarbonate plastics can leach BPA.
• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)#3: Known as one of the most chemically toxic plastics. PVC contains harmful heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and tin, which are used as stabilizers in the plastic. These metals enhance PVC’s durability and heat resistance, but they can leach out when the plastic is heated or begins to degrade. Additionally, phthalates, a common additive in PVC to increase flexibility, pose health risks as they also leach out over time. Both heavy metals and phthalates are associated with endocrine disruption, neurological damage, and carcinogenic
• PS (polystyrene)#6: The dangers of (PS) are well-documented, it contains chlorine which gives it an affinity for absorbing heavy metals, significantly increasing its toxicity, especially when used in food packaging or containers. Research further shows that exposure to PS leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in T98G (brain cancer) and HeLa (cervical cancer) cells, causing oxidative stress and cellular damage. Moreover, the addition of flame retardants to PS for fire safety amplifies its toxicity, raising long-term health risks.
• Coloured Plastics: Many brightly coloured plastics contain heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and chromium, which are used as pigments to create durable, long-lasting colours. These metals enhance the visual properties of plastics but can leach into food, water, or the environment leading to serious health risks due to the toxic nature of heavy metals.
• Recycled Plastics: Recycled plastics are vulnerable to contamination due to the mixing of different materials and exposure to industrial toxins. Even “safe” plastics can become contaminated during recycling, increasing the potential for chemical leaching and long-term health risks .

Which types of plastics should we be weary of?

While polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Polypropylene (PP)#5: have traditionally been regarded as safer plastics, recent studies suggest otherwise .

• Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) #1: widely regarded as the most commonly used plastic, is not without its health concerns. It contains antimony, a catalyst used in polymerization process, a toxic element linked to various health risks such as to reproductive toxicity, lung irritation, and cancer, especially when exposed to heat or It also contains ethylene glycol a toxic chemical linked to gastrointestinal issues and kidney damage. These substances can leach out of PET products, contributing to potential health hazards and environmental pollution.

• Polyethylene (PE) #2: though commonly considered safe, recent, research has shown that PE can trigger an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production, especially in T98G brain cancer cells, contributing to oxidative stress and potential cellular damage. Additionally, a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine identified PE as the most prevalent type of plastic found in human blood samples, raising concerns about its impact on human health.
• Polypropylene (PP)#5: Despite its stability, PP can break down over time. When exposed to extreme heat, the risk of releasing harmful substances like Bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, and VOCs increases, especially due to plastic additives used in manufacturing. Additionally, recent studies conducted by researchers at Chung-Ang University in Seoul have uncovered that PP NMP’s significantly enhance metastatic features in human breast cancer, a worrying finding that requires more research.

Let’s Conclude

While plastic identifiers (RICs) provide useful information, they don’t fully capture the complex chemical makeup of plastics. Despite some plastics potentially being less harmful than others, the hidden dangers persist within even in materials that seem safe. To protect your health, it’s best to minimize plastic exposure. In the next 2 sections we will offer you the best ways to minimising and detoxing from the harms associated with plastics.

We can’t just provide you with eye-opening information about NMP’s without empowering you with effective strategies to protect yourself, can we?

Understanding how we absorb these harmful particles is crucial, and the best way to combat their effects is through simple lifestyle swaps. We’ve already identified the primary sources of microplastic exposure in our daily lives. By making mindful changes, you can significantly reduce your intake and safeguard your health.

Before we dive in to the specifics, we must all be aware of the 5  factors that greatly accelerate the release of NMP’s in to everything that we consume:

1. Heat Exposure: As shown in studies, microplastic leeching is greatly enhanced when heated due to a process known as thermal degradation.
2. UV Radiation: UV light from the sun possesses enough energy to break the chemical bonds in plastic polymers, this is known as
3. Acidic Environments: Through a chemical reaction known as hydrolysis, the breakdown of NMP’s ensues.
4. Physical Agitation: From wave action in the ocean to everyday activities like opening and closing a plastic bottle, physical agitation can significantly accelerate the release of NMP’s. Recent studies show that friction from opening and closing a plastic water bottle can release between 14,000 and 75,000 NMPs. This startling amount underscores how even minor, routine actions can contribute to our NMP exposure..
5. Fat Exposure: We must also mention that plastic additives are known to be lipophilic (fat loving) meaning they have an affinity for fatty substances, greatly enhancing their risk of leeching.

In the following sections we will provide you with an in depth solution to all the main sources of these tiny contaminants

Our Drinking Solution

Nothing beats downing some cold hydrating water on a hot summers day. Unfortunately, studies have shown that water, one of the pillars of existence, is the most contaminated source of NMP’s. Particularly bottled water.

So what water should we drink?

There are multiple methods that can greatly minimise the presence of NMP’s in your water, the most efficient being water filtration. Not all water filtration methods are made equal, lower grade filters such as the Brita filter have not been shown to effectively remove NMP’s as well as certain plastic additives.

Let’s start with our recommendations:

Top-Tier Filtration (Removes 99% of Toxins):

• Water Distillation: The gold standard, distillation eliminates virtually all contaminants, including microplastics (NMPs). Distillers are ideal as the water never touches plastic. Used in trials and studies, where purity is needed. Click here for a link to the UK based distiller company we use,  which comes with a  glass jug to store the water ( add code PUREDILIGENCE for an added yearly supply of carbon activated filters).

Reverse Osmosis (RO): Though the PH of RO water is lower compared to distilled water, and they are generally more expensive. They are another effective option, and may be more convenient for some as they can installed in to your sink. Make sure to look for RO systems with minimal plastic contact and pair it with a stainless stell or glass jug for optimal plastic free filtration.

Discount-Friendly Options:

• Charcoal Activated Filter: Proven to effectively remove a wide range of toxins commonly found in tap water, charcoal-activated filters are an affordable and long-lasting solution for cleaner water. These filters can last for several months and are particularly effective at capturing larger toxins. While research on removing NMP’S is still ongoing, these filters have been shown to remove many harmful plastic additives such as BPA and Phthalates. For optimal results, store the filtered water in a glass jug with the filter for at least 8 hours, allowing for maximum filtration efficiency.
• Boiling: A simple yet powerful method! Studies show boiling tap water high in calcium carbonate (CaCO3) can remove up to 80% of common microplastics. Boiling creates a “cage” around NMPs with CaCO3, preventing them from entering your body. Just make sure your boiler does not allow the contact of the hot water with plastics.
• Glass Bottled Water: A significantly better choice than plastic bottles, but still not without its challenges. While glass packaging reduces exposure to harmful plastic chemicals, the water source itself can still be contaminated, and improper storage conditions can also introduce pollutants. Be sure to research your favourite brand of water to understand what potential contaminants they may contain.

What about teas and juices?

Teas: A vital aid in our bodies detoxification, teas should be a staple in everyone’s lives. However, a recent study coming out of McGill University, Canada has shown that tea bags with plastic coatings can potentially leech billions of NMPs!

We recommend switching to homemade teas to avoid plastic exposure. Click here for inspiration!

Juices: A delicious and refreshing source of hydration packed with essential vitamins and natural energy. However, here are some swaps you should consider:

• Create your own Juice: The best, healthiest way to drink juice. Just make sure when blending fruits, use plastic free nontoxic blenders to avoid leaching.
• Choose Organic Juice: Opt for organic juice since non-organic concentrated juices are often grown with sewage sludge, which contains NMPs and other industrial chemicals.
• Avoid Toxic Packaging: Many juice cartons are lined with BPA. Choose glass or stainless steel packaging for a safer option.

Our Cooking Solution:

We should aim for a relatively plastic free kitchen, here’s how we can go about this:

Food Containers and Wraps: Never heat plastic containers or wrappings that are holding food. We need to stress this again as it’s one of the most prevalent ways NMP’s get let loose. It’s also important to note that the more you reuse these plastics, the more prominent the leeching is. You can minimise the use, the more you reuse the plastic, the more likely leeching is to occur.

• Our Solution: Use cedar wraps(make sure to soak them before use) as a replacement for parchment paper when heating foods and use glass or stainless steel containers, to store your food. Stainless steel can even keep your food hotter for longer.

Cooking Pans: Many Non-stick and Teflon pans have been shown to leech PFAS, and contain flame retardants, which are harmful plastic additives.

• Our Solution: We would recommend stainless steel pans, particularly 18/0, and fully ceramic pans, which can offer non-harmful non-stick properties.

Kitchen Utensils: Plastic kitchen utensils contain plastic additives such as brominated flame retardants to prevent them from becoming alight.

• Our Solution: Replace these with stainless steel/wooden/bamboo/coconut husk cutlery.

Cleaning Fruits and Veg: Studies show that fruits and veg can contain a lot of NMP’s on their surface, as well as other pollutants such as pesticides. We do not recommend cutting of the skin of fruits and veg, as that is where much of the fibers and nutrients reside.

• Our Solution: Rinse them in filtered water and hold them in a bowl with baking soda for at least 15 minutes. This will remove a bulk of the NMP’s from the surface, the baking soda will also help in neutralising any of the harmful chemicals and pesticides that may also reside there.

Our Food Solution

We can greatly reduce our NMP intake by minimising our consumption of foods that are known to be riddled with high amounts of NMP’s, such as:

Processed foods: Studies have shown a correlation between how processed a food is and an increased amount of NMP’s.

• Our Solution It’s ideal to get food in their most primitive form, this is generally cheaper and healthier with a lower chance of NMP contamination.

Bottom Dwellers: such as shell fish, who are commonly known as the ‘garbage of the sea’  consume these small microplastics, It’s important to note that the amount of microplastics we get from fish is small compared to the amount we got from plastic water bottles. Limit your consumption of these types of fish, as they have also been shown to contain the highest levels of heavy metals.

• Our Solution: Instead consume smaller fish such as sardines, mackerel, anchovies, herring, white fish such as Cod, Haddock, Plaice and Pollock. As well as wild caught Salom and Trout. All these fish have been shown to hold low levels of toxins, and a safe way to enjoy all the health benefits of fish consumption.

Fatty Oils: Never buy oils like olive oil, coconut oil etc in a plastic container, as this is one of the most common forms of leeching, due to the food being lipophilic. Due to the plastic pollution in our seas and waters, plastic has enter the sea food chain.

• Our Solution: Buy oils out of glass, and if you can, from a dark bottle. As light and particularly UV light can increase the chance of oxidation, leading to a decline in nutritional value.

Our Air Solution

Unfortunately, it is impossible for any of us to completely avoid NMP’s in our air.  All we can do if focus on minimisation and offloading some of the stress it may be causing our bodies, particularly our lungs and respiratory systems.

Our Solutions:

Go Outside: We’ve been hearing this forever. But studies show that indoor inhalation is the greatest source of NMP inhalation, by going outside regularly you decrease your daily intake of NMP’s.

Keep your windows open: This can help remove some of the NMP’s.

Clean Your Home Regularly: Make sure you clean your environment regularly as microplastics could accumulate in forms of dust.

Use Air Filter/Diffuser: We can’t be outside all the time, but there are effective methods to filter our indoor air. Such as air filters, diffusers, and negative ion machines. Studies also show that a lot of NMP’s can be produced via your washing machine, to combat this you can use a microfiber filter in your washing machine. This can help capture microplastics shed from synthetic fabrics during washing.

Avoid Synthetic Clothing and Beddings: 33% of our indoor airborne plastic from clothing, so try to wear more natural fibres like cotton, wool and linen. The same can be said for your bedding, you don’t want to be inhaling these tiny toxins while you sleep, so replace it with natural fibers.

Our Skin Solution

Though the likelihood of NMP’s entering via our skin is less likely according to the limited studies we have on this topic, there is still evidence that shows that it is possible, particularly for plastic additives.

• Use Shower Filters: Effective in removing toxins from the tap water before they can get absorbed trans-dermally, though effectiveness of filtering NMP’s depends on the filter.

Showering and Bathing It is said after 5-10 minutes of hot water drenching our skin, that our pores open, making it likely for NMP’s, and other toxins in tap water, to be absorbed by us.

• Our Solution: Using a shower filter can be effective in dispelling these toxins, as well as reducing the heat of your showers, and not having hot showers for longer than 10 minutes.

Personal Care Products- Instead of these products riddled with NMP’s, plastic additives, fragrance and other chemicals we can’t pronounce.

• Our Solution: There are natural oils that have great moisturising benefits and even natural SPF. Fragrance’ is a common code word used to describe the endocrine disrupting plastic additive Phthalates

Sunscreens: Many name brand sunscreens contain an additive called BP-3, which has been linked to cancer. Studies have shown that it can also reside in your skin for over a week.

• Our Solution: Natural sunscreens can be found, containing zinc oxide. There are even oils like red raspberry oil, coconut oil, shea butter and more, which all boast a natural SPF.

Clothing: Not only can they shed NMP’s in to the atmosphere, a study conducted on dogs wearing polyester pants showed that it reduced sperm count and quality. Potentially due to the electromagnetic static generated. Studies on dogs have shown that polyester can inhibit ovarian functions and reduce sperm count, highlighting the need for caution in our fabric choices.

• Our Solution: The same advice we gave in the section about air applies here. Which is wear more natural fibers like cotton, wool and These resonate more with our skin, and is less likely to cause irritation.

Let’s Conclude

It may seem like an impossible task at first glance, but remember, it’s not about completely eradicating the existence of NMP’s around us, it’s about reducing exposure so that our bodies are able to cope with the rest. As you can see, it doesn’t have to be expensive and by implementing simple lifestyle changes, we can significantly lower our body’s burden. Additionally, we’ll explore powerful detoxification methods in the next section to further support your body’s natural defences against these contaminants.

Once NMP’s  enter our system, it’s not the end, we have a power house of a system within ourselves that prizes itself on removing these foreign toxins.

Before we get in to our enhancing methods, we need to first understand our bodies main pillars of detoxification.

Detoxification is a complex, yet vital process that our bodies perform daily to maintain optimal health. Each of the body’s main detox organs—the liver, kidneys, gut, skin, and lymphatic system—plays a crucial role in this interconnected system, working together to eliminate toxins and keep us healthy.

1. Liver – The Primary Detox Organ
   • The liver acts as the body’s primary detox organ, filtering out toxins from the blood and metabolizing them into less harmful substances. These byproducts are then prepared for excretion through the kidneys, gut, or skin.

1. Kidneys – The Filtration Network
   • Once the liver processes toxins, the kidneys filter them out of the blood and excrete them through urine. Proper hydration is key to supporting kidney function, ensuring that the body can efficiently flush out these waste products.
   • Integration: The kidneys work with the liver by excreting water-soluble toxins filtered from the blood.
2. Gut – The Waste Management System
   • The gut plays a crucial role in detoxification by excreting waste and toxins through bowel movements. A healthy gut microbiome aids in breaking down harmful substances, while fibre and regular digestion ensure that these toxins are effectively removed from the body.
   • Integration: The gut eliminates solid waste and toxins processed by the liver, supporting overall detox.
3. Skin – The External Detox Pathway
   • The skin is the body’s largest organ and an important detox pathway. Through sweating, the skin can excrete toxins like heavy metals and microplastics, providing a secondary route of elimination alongside the kidneys and gut.
   • Integration: The skin complements the liver and kidneys by excreting fat-soluble toxins through sweat.
4. Lymphatic System – The Toxin Transporter
   • The lymphatic system transports waste and toxins from tissues to the bloodstream, where they are directed to the liver and kidneys for processing and elimination. Physical activity, deep breathing, and proper hydration are essential for keeping the lymphatic system functioning optimally.
   • Integration: The lymphatic system collects and delivers toxins to the liver, kidneys, and skin for elimination, playing a vital role in the body’s overall detox process.

Detoxification is a complex, yet vital process that our bodies perform daily to maintain optimal health. Each of the body’s main detox organs—the liver, kidneys, gut, skin, and lymphatic system all work together in this interconnected system, and play a crucial role in identifying, transporting and eliminating these harmful toxins. For us to properly detox, we need to make sure that our detox organs are working optimally.

6. Sweat it Out!:

Best comes first! Sweating is the most proven ways to excrete NMP’s and the toxins brought in by NMP’s. Studies have shown that these microplastics tend to accumulate at a greater level in fatty tissues than in the aqueous environment of blood and urine, sweating becomes a key pathway for their excretion. Due to their hydrophobic , (water-repelling) and lipophilic (fat-loving) properties, they are more effectively removed through sweat than through urine or blood. Sweat glands, distributed across the skin’s surface, provide a large area for toxin elimination and the presence of lipids in sweat binds to hydrophobic microplastics, aiding their removal from the body.

Enhanced sweating, via the Hubbard method, was even used as an effective way for detoxifying troops suffering with the Gulf War Illness as well as firefighters exposed to toxins during the 9/11.

            The Hubbard Method: This method involves exercise, sauna and niacin to enhance sweating. A pilot study conducted on firefighters exposed to toxins during the 9/11 World Trade Centre cleanup showed that participants experienced improved pulmonary function and reductions in persistent symptoms after undergoing the Hubbard Protocol. It was also shown as an effective detox tool for many of the Gulf War troops who exposed to a plethora of chemical and environmental toxins during the war.

Take note

Many of the methods that enhance sweating such as hydration, sun exposure and exercise will be explored thoroughly in the later sections of this article

Hydration Is Key Helps

Water and hydrating fruits are one of the main pillars of our detox system. Here’s how hydration aids each part of the detoxification system:

Hydrates organs: Hydration is essential and keeps organs like the liver, kidneys, and colon functioning optimally. Proper hydration ensures that these toxins can work effectively.

Aids in toxin transportation: Water acts as a carrier, transporting toxins to the liver and kidneys for processing and elimination.  It is also allows  

Supports kidney function: The kidneys rely on water to filter blood and remove waste products. Adequate hydration prevents the kidneys from becoming overworked.  

Facilitates digestion: Water helps break down food and aids in the elimination of waste through the colon.  

Promotes sweating: Sweating is a natural way to eliminate toxins through the skin. Sufficient water intake supports this process.

Take note

It’s not solely about water, we need electrolytes to properly transport the fluids around our bodies. These electrolytes include:

• Sodium: Helps to pull water into our blood stream.
• Potassium: Helps to maintain the collect level of intracellular fluid balance.

Don’t be Deficient

As well as proper hydration, to further enhance the detoxification process we need to make sure we are providing our bodies with the appropriate fuel.

Antioxidants: One of the most vital components of the detoxing process. They protect cells and tissues from oxidative stress, support liver function, enhance immune defence and maintain the effectiveness of other detox pathways. Glutathione

Glutathione: Another key player in detoxifying body from various toxins, including nano and microplastics (NMPs). As well as aiding in liver function and immune system operations as well as neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, which is often increased due to the presence of NMPs. This protection helps prevent cellular damage caused by these tiny plastic particles.

Fiber: An important player in the detoxification process. It binds to toxins in the intestines, promotes regular bowel movements, feeds beneficial gut bacteria, regulates hormone levels and more. Foods high in fibre include:

Protein: Protein is vital as it provides the building blocks, amino acids, necessary for producing enzymes that break down toxins. These enzymes are crucial for liver function, and they support the production of glutathione a potent antioxidant crucial for neutralizing harmful substances.

Healthy Fats: These fats, particularly omega-3s, reduce inflammation, promote bile production, and ensure the absorption of vital fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K, which are crucial for detox processes. Additionally, healthy fats support brain health by protecting against oxidative stress and enhancing the glymphatic system, which clears toxins during sleep

Micronutrients: These essential vitamins and minerals, play critical roles in detoxification beyond just antioxidant support. B vitamins, Vitamin D, zinc, and magnesium are particularly important, as they assist in liver detox pathways and support overall cellular health. Consuming a diet rich in micronutrients from a variety of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds ensures your body has the tools it needs to effectively detoxify and maintain optimal health.

In the following section we will cover some of the best food sources that support our detoxification.

Stress Reduction

Stress releases stress hormones such as cortisol, known as the stress hormone. While short-term cortisol release can be beneficial in managing acute stress, consistently high cortisol levels can your body shifts energy away from non-essential functions like detoxification, focusing instead on the immediate stress response. This result in harm such as:

• Hormonal Imbalance: Stress triggers the release of cortisol, chronic cortisol elevation can lead to excessive glucose production, contributing to insulin resistance. Over time, this can strain the liver’s metabolic processes, impairing its ability to eliminate toxins.
• Immune System Suppression:, Elevated cortisol levels inhibit the production and activity of cytokines, proteins that play a crucial role in immune signalling, it also reduces the production of lymphocytes, particularly T-cells, and impairs the activity of essential immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes which are essential for identifying and eliminating pathogens.
• Digestive System Disruption : Stress triggers the “fight or flight” response, which diverts blood flow away from the digestive system, affecting the communication between the gut-brain axis, which is used to regulate digestion. In addition the release of stress hormones stimulate the stomach to produce more acid as part of the body’s preparation to respond to a perceived threat reducing the production of digestive enzymes, which are necessary for breaking down food and absorbing essential vitamins and minerals.
• Gut Harm: Cortisol suppresses the immune system’s response, which normally helps regulate the balance of gut bacteria, resulting in a reduced number of beneficial bacteria while promoting the growth of harmful bacteria.
• Negative Behavioural Changes: An overlooked by product of stress is the negative behavioural changes that it can induce further weakening the immune system, such as: an unhealthy eating habit, poor sleep, reduced physical activity and increased substance use, all of which will be covered in detail in the later sections.

Though it might seem impossible at times to reduce stress, there are practices that have been proven to bring us calmness. Prayer, deep slow diaphragmatic breathing, sun exposure, exercise, mindfulness, and adequate sleep can all help in the reduction of stress levels, supporting the detoxification processes and overall wellbeing.

Diet,Diet,Diet

Let’s speak about the main sources we get all these important things from (ask)

Fruits: Both boast a high water content as well as high levels of fibre, nutrients, vitamins and antioxidants. Crucial for all aspects of the detoxification process. Examples include:

• Berries: Not only do they contain high levels of antioxidants, vitamin c and fibre, they are also known for neutralizing free radicals as well as having a low sugar content.
• Citrus Fruits: Rich in vitamin C and antioxidants, lemons, limes, oranges, and grapefruits support liver function and aid digestion.
• Apples: Contains pectin, a type of fiber that binds to toxins in the intestines and aids in their removal, while also feeding beneficial gut bacteria
• Avocados: Rich in healthy fats, particularly omega-3s, which reduce inflammation, support brain health, and enhance the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins crucial for detoxification.
• Hydrating Fruits (Watermelons, cucumbers, grapes etc): They support kidney function and help flush out toxins due to their high water content, which supports kidney function and helps flush out toxins along with being rich in antioxidants and vital nutrients.
• Tomatoes: essential for detoxification due to their rich content of antioxidants like lycopene and vitamin . They also have high fibre, water content and anti-inflammatory properties.
• Papaya: contains papain, an enzyme that aids digestion and reduces inflammation. It also supports liver detoxification and helps with the breakdown of proteins and toxins.
• Coconut: When it is drunk, it provides a hydrating electrolyte rich beverage. However not many people, know the coconut meat is highly nutritious and beneficial in the aiding of detoxification.
• Cherries: Montmorency cherries are particularly high in melatonin, a powerful antioxidant which has been directly shown to have protective effects against pulmonary fibrosis caused by polystyrene NMP’s. They also contain anthocyanins, which have been shown to help neutralize harmful free radicals that cause oxidative stress.

Vegetables: Important in a balanced diet, and are known to contain vital properties we need for detoxification. Here are some good examples:

• Dark Leafy Greens: packed with chlorophyll, which helps detoxify the blood, and rich in fibre, which aids in regular bowel movements to remove toxins.
• Ginger: technically a root, ginger is often used as a vegetable and has powerful detoxifying properties. It aids digestion, reduces inflammation, and stimulates circulation, helping to remove toxins from the body.
• Onions: contain sulphur compounds similar to garlic, which support liver detoxification. They are also rich in flavonoids like quercetin, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
• Garlic: also contain sulphur compounds including allicin, which boost liver enzyme production and support detoxification. Garlic also has antimicrobial properties that help cleanse the digestive system and reduce harmful bacteria.
• Olives: high content of antioxidants, particularly vitamin E and polyphenols, which protect cells from oxidative stress and support liver function. Rich in healthy monounsaturated fats, olives also help reduce inflammation and promote heart health. Their fibre content aids digestion and supports the elimination of toxins through regular bowel movements.
• Cruciferous Vegetables: They are rich in glucosinolates, sulphur-containing compounds that support liver detoxification by enhancing the production of detoxifying enzymes. They also contain antioxidants like vitamin C and sulforaphane, which protect against oxidative stress.

Take note

• To fully reap the benefits of fruits and vegetables, it’s important to note that a bulk of the fibre and antioxidants are found in the skin. To greatly reduce pesticide levels, wash them in filtered water and baking soda for at least 15 minutes.

Herbs and Spices: Used in cultures for thousands of years, for good reason. Here are some great options:

• Dandelion: commonly known as the ‘liver herb’, is often overlooked despite its abundance in nature, but this herb is not to be underestimated. Not only is it packed with antioxidants such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and beta-carotene, it also has diuretic effects, and the bitter compounds in dandelion, such as taraxacin, are known to stimulate the liver’s detoxification pathways
• Cinnamon: a potent antioxidant. Packed with polyphenols, it helps combat oxidative stress, supports heart health, and may even aid in blood sugar control
• Cloves: one of the richest sources of antioxidants among spices, with eugenol being the key active compound. Eugenol has strong anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
• Oregano: antioxidant-rich herb, packed with compounds like rosmarinic acid and thymol, which help fight oxidative stress and inflammation.
• Rosemary: strong antioxidant that contains compounds like carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid. These antioxidants help protect cells from oxidative stress, support brain health, and reduce inflammation.
• Bay Leaves: packed with vitamins A and C, as well as flavonoids, bay leaves help neutralize harmful free radicals that contribute to oxidative stress. Their ability to stimulate digestive enzymes promotes better digestion, allowing for efficient toxin elimination. Additionally, bay leaves enhance liver function by increasing bile secretion, which aids in fat digestion and toxin removal. They also encourage fluid elimination through urination, further supporting kidney health.
• Peppermint: The menthol in peppermint not only helps reduce stress, it also offers anti-inflammatory effects that support gut health, aiding in toxin removal. It further acts as a natural diuretic, and is rich in antioxidants, helping to combat oxidative stress. Additionally its digestive properties stimulate bile production, facilitating fat breakdown and improving waste elimination.
• Cayenne pepper: a spicy powerhouse loaded with antioxidants, particularly capsaicin, which is known for its anti-inflammatory and metabolism-boosting effects. Capsaicin helps improve circulation, aids in digestion, and supports the body’s detoxification processes by stimulating the elimination of toxins.
• Cilantro: is a powerhouse in removing toxins from your system, rich in antioxidants, they are known to bound to heavy metals and other toxins expelling them from the body. Many of these toxins being brought in via NMP’s can therefore be eliminated.
• Turmeric: a potent antioxidant that contains curcumin is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent that helps neutralize free radicals, support liver function, and promote effective detoxification.

Teas:  A vital weapon for detoxification. The consumption of tea has been used for thousands of years and has been shown to greatly benefit our bodies in multitude of ways, including detoxification.

The best teas for detoxification could involve the herbs and spices listed in the previous section. Click here for some tea inspiration.

Some more well known teas for detoxification includes:

• Green Tea: Renowned for its powerful antioxidant properties, green tea is an excellent choice for detoxification. You can enhance its benefits by adding herbs and spices like ginger or turmeric. Research has shown that green tea can support liver function and promote weight loss.
• Oolong Tea: Similar to green tea, oolong tea also contains antioxidants that can help neutralize harmful free radicals.
• Key Lime Tea: The alkalizing properties of key lime tea help flush out toxins, supporting liver health and enhancing the immune system.
• Rooibos Tea: This caffeine-free tea is packed with antioxidants and may support liver function while helping the body detoxify. It’s also known for its anti-inflammatory properties .

Nuts, Seeds, Beans, Legumes and Grains: Incorporating a variety of these nutrient-dense foods into your diet can significantly support the body’s natural detoxification processes. Here are some key options:

• Walnuts: Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and fibre. These nutrients help reduce inflammation, protect against oxidative stress, support brain health, and enhance liver function.
• Almonds: A good source of protein, fibre, vitamin E and magnesium. These nutrients contribute to energy production, blood sugar regulation, and overall well-being, indirectly supporting detoxification.
• Pecan nuts: abundant in antioxidants, including ellagic acid, which helps neutralize harmful free radicals and supports the liver’s detoxification processes
• Chia seeds: High in fibre, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants, chia seeds aid digestion, reduce inflammation, and support overall detoxification.
• Pumpkin seeds: Rich in zinc, magnesium, antioxidants, and protein. Pumpkin seeds support immune function, liver health, and cellular protection.
• Brazil Nuts: One of the best sources of selenium we have available to us, however it is not recommended to consume more than 3 to 4 a day.

Beans and Legumes: Known to be high antioxidants, particularly polyphenols, as well as boasting a high amounts of protein and fibre. Some of our favourites are:

• Kidney Beans: known for their fibre content as well as being loaded with antioxidants like flavonoids.
• Chickpeas: the fibre in chickpeas feeds beneficial gut bacteria, which play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy gut environment and supporting detox processes.
• Black beans: rich in anthocyanins, a type of antioxidant that helps neutralize free radicals, supporting the body’s natural detox pathways and protecting against cellular damage.
• Pinto Beans: pinto beans contain a high level of antioxidants, including polyphenols as well as fibre and protein which helps regulate blood sugar levels.

Prebiotic and Probiotic foods: Both vital in enhancing the health of the digestive system, by  maintaining a balanced gut microbiome, one of the cornerstones of the detoxification process.

• Prebiotic: These are foods that contain fibres and compounds that feed and support the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. Examples include garlic, onions, leeks, asparagus, artichokes and dandelion greens.
• Probiotic: contains live beneficial bacteria that are naturally found in the gut and can also be consumed through certain foods such as: Yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, miso, and other fermented foods.
•  

Wholegrains: Quinoa, amaranth, rye and spelt are a food addition to any diet.

• Quinoa: a complete protein, providing all nine essential amino acids. These amino acids are crucial for producing enzymes that help the liver break down and eliminate toxins.
• Amaranth: naturally gluten-free, making it a healthy way to support gut health and promotes toxin elimination without causing inflammation. contains potent antioxidants, including polyphenols,
• Rye: excellent source of dietary fibre, which feeds the beneficial gut bacteria.
• Spelt: boasts a high fibre content as well as being rich in vitamins and minerals, such as magnesium.
• Wild Rice: known for being nutrient dense, a complete protein high as well as high in antioxidants like vitamin E and zinc.
• Millet: another great gluten free option with high fibre and antioxidant levels.

Take note

While many nuts and legumes offer numerous health benefits, they can also contain plant defences that may irritate the gut when consumed in excess. To reduce exposure to these potentially harmful toxins, it’s beneficial to soak nuts and seeds in water mixed with sodium bicarbonate. This method alkalizes the solution, effectively breaking down and significantly reducing the levels of plant defences in nuts, grains, and seeds. After soaking, be sure to rinse them thoroughly to enhance their digestibility and health benefits.

Meat and eggs: Though it might be low in fibre, it is one of the greatest sources of protein and nutrition, as well as B vitamins. We do recommend using

• Eggs: contain sulphur, crucial for producing glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that aids in detoxification by neutralizing toxins. Choline: Eggs are a top source of choline, which supports liver health and helps in the breakdown of fats, promoting efficient detoxification
• Organ Meats: particularly liver, are extremely nutrient-dense and provide a wide array of vitamins and minerals that support detoxification. For instance, liver is rich in B vitamins, vitamin A, and iron, all crucial for liver function and toxin elimination. Glutathione Production: Liver, specifically, is a natural source of glutathione, the body’s master antioxidant, which plays a critical role in detoxifying harmful substances in the liver. Extremely nutrient-dense, providing vitamins A, B12, folate, iron, and glutathione. Due to high amounts, do not consume regularly
• White Fish/Fatty Fish: High in omega-3 fatty acids, selenium, and vitamin D.
• in omega-3s, which reduce inflammation, support brain health, and enhance the detoxification process by promoting bile production and reducing oxidative stress. Vitamin D: These fish are also a great source of vitamin D, which supports immune function and helps in the detoxification of harmful substances.
• Red Meat: High in iron, zinc, and B vitamins, particularly B12, lean red meats are rich in complete proteins, providing essential amino acids needed for producing detoxifying enzymes in the liver as well as supporting immune defence, and overall metabolic health.
• Lamb: a high-quality complete protein, that provides all the essential amino acids needed for maintaining muscle mass and promoting liver function, both of which are vital for detoxification. Additionally, lamb is a rich natural source of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), a fatty acid known to reduce inflammation, support fat metabolism, and enhance immune function, all of which are crucial for the body’s detox processes. Furthermore, lamb is packed with zinc and selenium, two essential minerals that boost antioxidant activity.
• Grass Feed Beef: Known for its superior nutritional profile, grass-fed beef is high in B vitamins, crucial for energy production, brain function, and metabolism—all contributing to detox pathways and overall vitality.
• White Meat/Poultry: Poultry, such as chicken and turkey, is among the best sources of lean protein, helping to maintain muscle mass and providing essential building blocks for detoxification enzymes. Additionally, it is rich in B vitamins, particularly B6 and B12, which are crucial for energy production, metabolic processes, and supporting the liver’s detoxification pathways.

Take note

• Minimizing Toxins During Cooking: When it comes to cooking methods, avoiding charring or overcooking meat is crucial for minimizing the production of harmful compounds like heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These toxins are formed when meat is cooked at high temperatures, especially during grilling, frying, or broiling. HCAs and PAHs have been linked to an increased risk of cancer and can add to the body’s toxin load, which may hinder the detoxification process. To reduce these risks, opt for gentler cooking methods such as steaming, poaching, or slow-cooking. These techniques preserve the nutritional value of the meat while minimizing the formation of harmful compounds. Additionally, marinating meats with ingredients like vinegar, lemon, sodium bicarbonate and herbs like rosemary, oregano, basil etc can further reduce HCA formation during cooking. Prioritizing these methods supports overall health, detoxification, and well-being.

Oils: Healthy oils play a significant role in detoxification due to their nutrient density and rich composition of healthy fats, vitamins, and antioxidants. Discover our top picks below:

• Coconut Oil: Coconut oil is a nutrient-dense powerhouse for detoxification, containing vitamin E, antioxidants and high levels of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) such as lauric acid which is known for its antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Its high smoke point also makes it ideal for cooking without forming harmful compounds.
•  
• Olive Oil: Rich in essential nutrients like vitamin E, monounsaturated fats, and antioxidants, including oleocanthal, oleuropein and lutein. These monounsaturated fats support liver function and hormone regulation, while the antioxidants E protect cells from oxidative damage.
• Avocado Oil: Also packed with monounsaturated fats and antioxidants, including lutein and vitamin E. These nutrients contribute to liver health and combat free radicals, supporting the body’s natural detox processes.
• Hemp Seed Oil: Balanced omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). offers a perfect balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which support anti-inflammatory processes and promote overall health. The presence of GLA further aids in reducing inflammation and supporting hormonal balance
• Walnut Oil: Renowned as one of the best sources of omega-3 fatty acids, walnut oil is also rich in polyphenols, ellagic acid, and lignans, all of which are crucial for supporting liver function and detoxification.
• Sesame Oil: Contains a rich combination of nutrients, including vitamin E, lignans, and powerful antioxidants such as sesamin and sesamol, compounds known to support liver function and help in the breakdown of toxins.
• Benefits: Sesame oil is known for its detoxifying properties, particularly in Ayurvedic practices where it’s used for oil pulling to remove toxins from the mouth.
• Pumpkin Seed Oil: Rich in omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids, phytosterols, and zinc.

Take note

Acquiring oils from reputable sources is crucial for ensuring their quality and effectiveness in supporting detoxification. Many companies may dilute their oils with cheaper alternatives like vegetable oil, compromising the health benefits. To safeguard your investment, choose oils that are sourced from well-established brands known for their purity and integrity. Additionally, always opt for oils packaged in dark glass containers. This helps prevent leaching of harmful substances and protects the oil from oxidation, which can diminish its nutritional value. By following these guidelines, you can maximize the benefits of incorporating high-quality oils into your diet for better health and effective detoxification.

Pure Diligence Special Tips

Below are some of our exclusive Pure Diligence tips to further enhance detoxification:

Ginger Tea before a Sauna: Ginger itself stimulates the production of digestive enzymes, contains anti-inflammatory compounds as well as a ton of antioxidants. Additionally, it has the ability to enhance circulation as well as thermogenic properties, meaning it can naturally increase the body’s temperature and promote sweating. Since sweating is a primary mechanism for detoxification in a sauna, consuming ginger tea beforehand can help stimulate a more intense sweat. However make sure

Niacin: Helps to increase blood flow and promotes sweating, as well as aiding in lipid metabolism, reducing oxidative stress, and boosting detoxification enzyme activity, all of which support healthy liver function and detoxification processes.

Chlorella: A type of green algae known for its ability to bind to heavy metals and other toxins, facilitating their removal from the body. It boosts the immune system, helping the body to better identify and eliminate foreign particles like NMPs whilst promoting a healthy gut, which is essential for effective detoxification and elimination of toxins through faeces. It’s also nutrient dense, possessing many of the essential nutrients we need for our overall health.

Activated Charcoal: It has been used for thousands of years for its detoxing abilities. It’s known to enhance the integrity of the gut barrier by preventing the translocation of toxins and harmful particles from the gut into the bloodstream. This can be particularly beneficial in reducing the systemic effects of NMPs.

Castor Oil Packs: Applying castor oil packs to the abdomen can stimulate the liver, enhancing its detoxification processes. It also helps improve lymphatic circulation, aiding in the removal of toxins from the lymphatic system as well as having anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce inflammation caused by toxins, including NMPs.

 Sun Exposure and Vitamin D

The sun, known as our free doctor in the sky, is one of our most efficient sources of vitamin D. Did you know that Vitamin D is the only vitamin that EVERY single human cell (VDRs)has a receptor for! Vitamin D enhances a broad range of biological processes throughout the body. Though we can get Vitamin D from dietary sources,. This method leverages the body’s natural ability to produce vitamin D, which can be more efficient at maintaining optimal levels compared to supplementation alone. Here’s how the sun aids us in our detoxification process

Since almost all cells have vitamin D receptors, the nutrient can exert its effects throughout the body, optimizing various detox processes at the cellular level, including the detoxification of cells themselves.

• Mood Enhancement: regular exposure to sunlight improves mood and energy levels, which can encourage more physical activity and outdoor exercise. The adrenal glands, responsible for producing stress hormones like cortisol, are also influenced by Vitamin D. Vitamin D helps regulate cortisol production, which is crucial for managing stress, reducing inflammation, and supporting overall hormonal balance. By modulating the adrenal glands, Vitamin D helps maintain balanced cortisol levels, preventing the adverse effects of chronic stress on the body, such as immune suppression and weight gain.
• Increased Sweating: As covered, the most effective way we can dispel NMP’s and plastic additives.
• Breaking Down Toxins: pollutants that can be absorbed through NMP’s, such as heavy metals are known to be broken down by the sun. Sunlight exposure can enhance immune function, helping the body to better manage and eliminate toxins. Materials like titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be activated by sunlight to break down pollutants.
• Superior Source of Vitamin D: Sunlight it may also have a more potent effect on increasing vitamin D levels in the body compared to dietary sources as it leverages the body’s natural ability to produce vitamin D, which can be more efficient at maintaining optimal levels compared to dietary consumption of Vitamin D as dietary vitamin D need to be absorbed through the digestive system and then converted in the liver and kidneys into its active form, calcitriol. This process may be less efficient than the direct production of vitamin D3 from sunlight. It also helps that it is free

Dietary Vitamin D: Found in the highest levels in fatty fish as well as mushrooms.

• Immune Support: It influences the differentiation and function of various immune cells, including T cells and B cells, which are essential for fighting off infections, and stimulates the production of antimicrobial peptides, which help fight off infections. This prevents an overactive immune response and therefore reducing the risk of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.
• Liver Aid: supports liver health by reducing inflammation and promoting the regeneration of liver cells. This enhances the liver’s capacity to metabolize and eliminate toxins efficiently.
• Antioxidant Efficiency: Vitamin D has been shown to upregulate the production of certain antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase. These enzymes play a crucial role in neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative damage to cells and tissues. The fact it reduces oxidative stress, further enhances the functions of antioxidants. This combination of Vitamin D and antioxidant It helps in the regulation of genes involved in antioxidant production, such as glutathione, a critical compound in the detoxification process. By reducing oxidative stress, vitamin D helps protect cells from damage caused by toxins. It works in unison with antioxidants. Antioxidants neutralize harmful free radicals, while Vitamin D supports the repair and regeneration of damaged cells.
• Gene Regulation and Cellular Health: It promotes apoptosis, which is the bodies way of dispelling old, damaged or abnormal cells, it can also help turn on protective genes and turn off harmful genes via DNA methylation. This is vital for detoxification, and can prevent
• Mental Health Enhancement: A healthy gut, supported by adequate Vitamin D, can positively impact mental health, via the gut-brain axis. Dysbiosis (imbalance in gut bacteria) and inflammation in the gut are directly linked to mental health issues like anxiety and depression.
• Heavy Metal Detoxification: it greatly enhances calcium absorption, which is crucial for detoxifying heavy metals like lead and mercury. Calcium binds to these metals, helping to remove them from the body.
• Gut Microbiome Support: It influences the composition of the gut microbiome by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria while inhibiting the growth of harmful ones. This is especially helpful in the gut lining, as it promotes the production of proteins that tighten the junctions between the epithelial cells, preventing conditions such as leaky gut.
• Endocrine System Regulation: Vitamin D receptors are present in the reproductive tissues and is essential for fertility, it is also needed for the production and regulation of thyroid hormones, such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), ensuring a balanced metabolic rate and energy production.. Proper hormone balance is essential for the body’s ability to metabolize and excrete toxins.
• Prevention of Toxin Storage in Bones: Vitamin D is essential for the efficient absorption of calcium from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. Without adequate Vitamin D, the body cannot absorb enough calcium, regardless of how much is consumed through diet. This calcium is crucial for building and maintaining strong bones.

What are the benefits of dietary vitamin D?

Dietary vitamin D, found abundantly in fatty fish and mushrooms, offers some key benefits:

• Consistent Year-Round Availability: Unlike sunlight, which can vary depending on your location, season, or weather conditions, dietary vitamin D offers a steady supply of this nutrient throughout the year. This makes it an excellent option for maintaining adequate vitamin D levels, regardless of geographic or seasonal disparities.
• No Risk of Sun Burn: vitamin D through food eliminates the risk of sunburn or overexposure UV rays, which can be harmful.

Though vitamin D from sunlight remains the most effective method for obtaining vitamin D, incorporating dietary vitamin D into your diet is a practical and beneficial way to support your overall health year-round.

Breathwork

Breathwork is a powerful tool for enhancing detoxification. Deep, slow, diaphragmatic breathing exercises and spending time in fresh air can enhance lung function and oxygenation, supporting overall detoxification processes.

• Oxygenation of Cells: deep, intentional breathing, increases the oxygen supply to cells. This is essential for cellular respiration, a process that produces energy and aids in the breakdown of toxins within the cells. Efficient elimination of carbon dioxide, a waste product of respiration. Proper removal of CO2 is crucial, as its buildup can lead to acidosis, a condition that can impair various detoxification processes and overall health.
• Activation of the Lymphatic System: Breathwork stimulates the movement of the lymphatic system, promoting the drainage of toxins and reducing the burden on other detox organs like the liver and kidneys.
• Stress Reduction: Chronic stress can impair detoxification by increasing cortisol levels, which may lead to inflammation and a compromised immune system. Slow, deep breathing, help reduce stress and cortisol levels by increasing the release of endorphins and serotonin, neurotransmitters associated with feelings of well-being and happiness. This creates a more favourable environment for the body to detoxify efficiently. A reduced stress level is also greatly beneficial for the gut
• Enhanced Blood Flow: Breathwork enhances circulation, ensuring that blood rich in oxygen and nutrients is delivered more effectively throughout the body. Improved blood flow supports the detoxification of organs as it helps to deliver antioxidants to cells more efficiently.
• Alkalinization of the Body: Certain breathwork techniques can help shift the body’s pH towards a more alkaline state. An alkaline environment is less conducive to the survival of harmful pathogens and toxins, making it easier for the body to neutralize and eliminate these substances.
• Detoxification of Emotional Toxins:. It can help release stored emotions, such as anxiety or trauma, which can contribute to physical symptoms and hinder detoxification. By clearing these emotional blockages, you can enhance the amygdala, the brain’s emotional processing centre.
• Mind-Body Connection: Regular breathwork enhances mental clarity and focus, and a clear mind is better equipped to make healthy choices that support detox processes, such as proper nutrition, hydration, and exercise.
• Immune System Support: Breathwork techniques, especially those involving nasal breathing, increase the production of nitric oxide, a molecule that plays a critical role in immune function. Nitric oxide helps to dilate blood vessels, improving circulation and allowing immune cells to reach sites of infection or injury more efficiently. It also has antimicrobial properties, helping to fight off pathogens directly.
• Anti-inflammatory Effects: cortisol is known to contribute to inflammation when elevated, so effective breathing can aid in reduced inflammation. In addition it can trigger the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, proteins that help regulate the body’s immune response and reduce inflammation.

Take note

Nasal breathing in particular has shown added benefits due to the release nitric oxide, studies also show that it can positively influence facial structure, promoting better alignment and overall facial aesthetics

Gulf war illness, 30% of veterans, exposure to heavy amounts of heavy metals. Through Hubbard method, niacin, exercise & sauna

The next methods listed are more general detox methods, but still vital in dispelling NMP’s as well as other toxins:

Movement Matters:

Exercise is a powerful tool for boosting detoxification. Here’s why:

Enhanced Lymphatic Drainage

• Exercise stimulates lymphatic drainage, which is primarily driven by muscle movement. This helps to clear out toxins, reduce swelling, and support the immune system, making it a vital aspect of the detox process.

Boosted Circulation

• Like breathwork, exercise significantly enhances blood circulation, which is essential for aiding in the removal of toxins and waste products.

Promotes Sweat Production

• During exercise, the increase in body temperature triggers sweat production, which helps eliminate toxins through the skin.

Regulation of Hormones

• Exercise can reduce stress hormones like cortisol, and by regulating these hormone levels, exercise supports the liver’s ability to metabolize and excrete toxins.

Reduced Inflammation

• Exercise stimulates the release of endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers, which can help reduce inflammation and improve mood.

Maintain low body weight-/Losing Weight

For those who choose to follow our tips in this section, particularly relating to diet and exercise, this should be a byproduct. 

Reduced Toxin Storage

Maintaining a minimal fat percentage is crucial for detoxification because excess body fat serves as a reservoir for fat-soluble toxins. These toxins, including NMP’s, can accumulate in adipose tissue and be released into the bloodstream over time, potentially overwhelming detox pathways like the liver and kidneys. Lowering body fat reduces the storage of these harmful substances, enabling more effective detoxification

Reduced Inflammation

Excess fat, particularly visceral fat, is associated with chronic inflammation, as when visceral fat increases, it attracts immune cells, particularly macrophages, which are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response it can secrete  a variety of substances, including pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Enhanced Liver Function

A lower body fat percentage supports optimal liver function, which is central to the detoxification process. Excess fat, especially around the abdomen, can lead to fatty liver disease, impairing the liver’s ability to process and eliminate toxins. By reducing fat levels, the liver can more efficiently detoxify the body, enhancing overall health.

Improved Hormone Balance

Fat cells produce estrogen, and excess fat can result in higher levels of estrogen and therefore hormonal imbalances. Leptin, a hormone responsible for regulating hunger and energy balance can become dysregulated in individuals with higher body fat resulting in leptin resistance, where the brain no longer responds to leptin signals, as a result the thyroid gland which is vital in regulating metabolism via hormone production, can become impaired potentially leading to an excess weight gain and other symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Improved Insulin Sensitivity

Carrying excess weight, especially around the abdomen, often leads to insulin resistance. This can result in elevated blood sugar levels and increased production of insulin, a condition that can disrupt other hormone levels. By maintaining a low body weight, insulin sensitivity improves, more efficient at using insulin to transport glucose into cells for energy, significantly enhancing overall insulin sensitivity. This improved metabolic function stabilizes blood sugar levels and promotes effective detoxification by optimizing liver and kidney functions, as well as cellular detox processes.

Boosted Metabolic Rate

A lower body weight, especially when it includes more muscle and less fat, can lead to a faster metabolism as muscle tissue is metabolically active and burns more calories at rest compared to fat tissue meaning quicker processing and elimination of toxins ensuring that the body remains in a state of optimal detoxification.

Take note

Plastic additives, such as BPA and Phthalates, are lipophilic(fat loving), meaning the more fat tissues you have in your body, the more you are going to house these plastic chemicals. Therefore maintaining a healthy weight can reduce the amount of these toxins that your body stores.

Fasting

Fasting has gained significant attention for its health benefits and rightfully so. This includes detoxification. By temporarily abstaining from food, the body undergoes several physiological changes that can promote cleansing. Such as:

Cellular Autophagy Activation

Fasting triggers a process called autophagy, where the body breaks down and recycles damaged cells, proteins, and organelles. This process helps clear out toxins and waste products at the cellular level, promoting overall cellular health and optimizing the body’s detox pathways.

Enhanced Liver Detoxification

During fasting, the reduction in digestive activity allows the liver shifts its focus from processing food to detoxifying the body, causing the liver to more efficiently metabolize and eliminate toxins. Fasting also promotes the production of enzymes that aid in detoxification, making the liver more effective in removing harmful substances from the body.

Reduced Insulin Levels

When you fast, your body isn’t receiving a steady supply of glucose from food, which leads to a natural decrease in insulin production. This is effective as it greatly reduces the toxic load your body deals with.

Hormone Regulation

Fasting helps regulate hormones such as insulin, growth hormone, and cortisol, which play essential roles in detoxification. Balanced hormone levels reduce inflammation and support the body’s ability to process and eliminate toxins more effectively.

 Increased Glutathione Production

Fasting can boost the production of glutathione, one of the body’s most powerful antioxidants. Glutathione plays a critical role in detoxification by neutralizing free radicals and supporting liver function.

Improved Gut Health

Fasting allows the digestive system to rest, reducing the production of toxins from food metabolism. This rest period gives the gut time to heal, reducing inflammation and promoting a healthier gut microbiome.

Take note

There’s multiple ways we can fast. This includes:

• Intermittent Fasting, In this type of fast, you abstain from all food and consume only water and electrolytes. This most accessible and sustainable for long-term health improvements, but it requires careful planning to avoid nutrient deficiencies.
• Water Fasting: In this type of fast, you abstain from all food and consume only water and electrolytes. The duration of a water fast can vary depending on individual goals and health conditions and offers deeper detoxification and autophagy but should be done for shorter periods.
• Dry Fasting: The most challenging form of fasting, involves complete abstinence from both food and water, some people even avoid any contact with water. It is believed to speed up the process of autophagy but comes with risk and the practice is generally reserved for experienced individuals and is generally done for short durations, such as one day, a few times a year.

Intermittent fasting is often a good starting point for those new to fasting, offering a less restrictive approach compared to water or dry fasting. Regardless of the type you choose, or how frequently you do it, your body will thank you.

Adequate Sleep:

Adequate Sleep and Detoxification

Sleep is essential for optimizing the body’s detox processes. During sleep, the body enters a deep repair mode, allowing it to heal and cleanse more effectively. Here’s how sleep supports detoxification:

During sleep, the body produces essential immune cells, such as white blood cells, which help fight off infections. It also helps regulate the production of cytokines and inflammation.

• Melatonin and Hormone Balance: Sleep regulates essential hormones like melatonin, cortisol, and growth hormone, which are critical for detoxification. Melatonin, in particular, is a powerful antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress, which is often elevated by pollutants like NMP’s. Melatonin’s ability to combat oxidative stress and inflammation supports detoxification in vital organs like the liver and lungs. Reduction of Inflammation A common theme we see with all the detox methods we’ve provided, sleep helps reduce inflammation by lowering stress hormones and promoting the production of anti-inflammatory molecules
• Enhanced Cellular Repair During Sleep: Deep sleep boosts the production of growth hormones, which aid in tissue growth, repair, and DNA regeneration. These processes are essential for maintaining healthy cells and muscles, keeping the body primed for efficient detoxification.
• Brain Detoxification via the Glymphatic System: In states of deep sleep, the glymphatic system, a specialized waste clearance system in the brain, becomes highly active. It flushes out toxins, such as beta-amyloid, a substance linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Proper sleep ensures that the brain effectively detoxifies, maintaining cognitive function and mental clarity.
• Liver Function and Detoxification: The liver, the body’s main detoxification organ, is most active during sleep, particularly between 1 and 3 a.m. During this time, the liver processes and eliminates toxins accumulated throughout the day.

However To enhance detoxification, it’s important to focus on sleep quality as well as quantity.

Create the Optimum Sleep Environment: 

Consider these strategies:

• Minimize Blue Light Exposure: Blue light from screens can disrupt melatonin production and affect your sleep-wake cycle. Replace bedroom lights with red or amber lighting to support melatonin levels and regulate your circadian rhythm.
• Reduce EMF Exposure: EMFs from electronic devices may affect brain activity during sleep and increase stress hormones like cortisol. To minimize exposure, turn off Wi-Fi routers, keep phones on airplane mode during sleep, or consider buying a faraday case, which has been proven to greatly reduce the amount of EMF exposure.
• Create a Dark, Quiet, and Cool Sleep Environment: A dark room promotes melatonin production. Use blackout curtains, eye masks, earplugs, and keep the room cool for optimal sleep conditions.

Support your Circadian Rhythm:

• Maintain a Consistent Sleep Schedule: Going to bed and waking up at the same time every day helps regulate your circadian rhythm, the body’s internal clock. This consistency promotes deeper, more restorative sleep, which is crucial for detoxification
• Get Morning Sunlight: By getting morning sunlight and limiting late night blue light exposure you can help reinforce your circadian rhythm. This is important as the circadian rhythm works as our internal sleep-wake clock, by controlling the release of various hormones including melatonin. In addition stable circadian rhythm is vital for our overall mental and physical health. Another tip is during the first hour of sun rise,

Optimize Nutrition for Better Sleep:

• Avoid Heavy Meals and Stimulants Before Bed: Consuming large meals, caffeine, or nicotine in the evening can disrupt your sleep cycle, making it harder to fall asleep and stay asleep. It’s best to avoid them at least 2 hours before bedtime.
• Consume Sleep Enhancing Foods and Drinks: Certain minerals and teas can be highly beneficial in enhancing sleep quality. Magnesium is renowned for its ability to relax muscles and calm the nervous system, reducing stress and promoting deeper sleep reducing stress and improving overall sleep quality, in particular Magnesium glycinate. Additionally, sleep-friendly teas like Chamomile, which contains apigenin, an antioxidant that binds to certain receptors in your brain that promote sleepiness and reduces insomnia.

Avoiding Harmful Habits

Eliminating harmful habits is the cornerstone of effective detoxification. Substances such as alcohol, drugs, cigarettes, and a poor diet can significantly impair the body’s natural detox processes. These harmful behaviours can overwhelm detoxification organs, making it challenging for the body to remove toxins efficiently. Here’s how avoiding these behaviours can enhance your overall health and well-being.  

Reducing Toxic Load

Substances like alcohol, drugs, and unhealthy foods introduce high levels of toxins into the body, overwhelming key detox organs such as the liver and kidneys. By eliminating these habits, you can significantly reduce your toxic load, allowing your body to focus on eliminating existing toxins instead of processing new ones.

Improved Liver Function

The liver is the primary organ responsible for detoxification, and harmful habits can severely impair its function. Excessive alcohol and drug use can lead to liver damage, reducing its ability to filter and remove toxins from the bloodstream. Avoiding these habits helps preserve liver health, ensuring it can effectively carry out detoxification processes.

Enhanced Lung Health

Smoking introduces harmful chemicals and carcinogens into the lungs, which not only damage lung tissue but also contribute to overall body toxicity. By avoiding smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke, you protect your lung health, allowing for better oxygenation and more efficient removal of toxins through respiration.

Stronger Immune Response

Harmful habits weaken the immune system, making it less effective at identifying and neutralizing toxins and pathogens. By avoiding these behaviours, you support a stronger immune response, which is essential for the body’s natural detoxification processes.

Improved Mental and Emotional Well-Being

These toxic habits often contribute to mental and emotional stress, which can hinder detoxification. Stress increases the production of cortisol, which can lead to inflammation and toxin buildup..

Enhanced Overall Detoxification Efficiency

Eliminating harmful habits allows your body to allocate more resources to natural detoxification processes. When your body isn’t burdened by the need to process harmful substances, it can focus on clearing out environmental toxins, repairing cells, and maintaining optimal health.

Take note

We are not saying that you should never consume anything unhealthy ever again. A healthy body is equipped to handle occasional exposures to toxins, provided they are not excessive. We are just pointing out that avoiding these habits helps maintain mental clarity and emotional balance while reducing toxic overload creating a healthier environment for detoxification.

Conclusion

Given that complete elimination of NMP’s is impossible, our focus must turn to our body’s natural excretion methods. Our bodies possess built-in mechanisms to eliminate foreign substances, and a well-rounded detoxification process is essential for enhancing this process. By incorporating a balanced diet and some wellbeing practices you can do more than just remove toxins like enhancing your mental clarity, and boosting your emotional well-being. ‘